1. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-1 Chapter 6 Wireless and Mobile Networks Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 3 rd edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, July 2004.

2. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-2 Chapter 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks Background: r # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds # wired phone subscribers! r computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs, Internet-enabled phone promise anytime untethered Internet access r two important (but different) challenges m communication over wireless link m handling mobile user who changes point of attachment to network

3. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-3 Chapter 6 outline 6.1 Introduction Wireless r 6.2 Wireless links, characteristics m CDMA r 6.3 IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (“wi-fi”) r 6.4 Cellular Internet Access m architecture m standards (e.g., GSM) Mobility r 6.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users r 6.6 Mobile IP r 6.7 Handling mobility in cellular networks r 6.8 Mobility and higher- layer protocols 6.9 Summary

4. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-4 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure wireless hosts r laptop, PDA, IP phone r run applications r may be stationary (non-mobile) or mobile m wireless does not always mean mobility

5. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-5 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure base station r typically connected to wired network r relay - responsible for sending packets between wired network and wireless host(s) in its “area” m e.g., cell towers 802.11 access points

6. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-6 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure wireless link r typically used to connect mobile(s) to base station r also used as backbone link r multiple access protocol coordinates link access r various data rates, transmission distance

7. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-7 Characteristics of selected wireless link standards 384 Kbps 56 Kbps 54 Mbps 5-11 Mbps 1 Mbps 802.15 802.11b 802.11{a,g} IS-95 CDMA, GSM UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 2G 3G Indoor 10 – 30m Outdoor 50 – 200m Mid range outdoor 200m – 4Km Long range outdoor 5Km – 20Km

8. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-8 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure infrastructure mode r base station connects mobiles into wired network r handoff: mobile changes base station providing connection into wired network

9. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-9 Elements of a wireless network Ad hoc mode r no base stations r nodes can only transmit to other nodes within link coverage r nodes organize themselves into a network: route among themselves

10. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-10 Wireless Link Characteristics Differences from wired link …. m decreased signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it propagates through matter (path loss) m interference from other sources: standardized wireless network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices (e.g., phone); devices (motors) interfere as well m multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects ground, arriving ad destination at slightly different times …. make communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much more “difficult”

11. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-11 Wireless network characteristics Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional problems (beyond multiple access): A B C Hidden terminal problem r B, A hear each other r B, C hear each other r A, C can not hear each other means A, C unaware of their interference at B A B C A’s signal strength space C’s signal strength Signal fading: r B, A hear each other r B, C hear each other r A, C can not hear each other interferring at B

12. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-12 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) r used in several wireless broadcast channels (cellular, satellite, etc) standards r unique “code” assigned to each user; i.e., code set partitioning r all users share same frequency, but each user has own “chipping” sequence (i.e., code) to encode data r encoded signal = (original data) X (chipping sequence) r decoding: inner-product of encoded signal and chipping sequence r allows multiple users to “coexist” and transmit simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes are “orthogonal”)

13. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-13 CDMA Encode/Decode slot 1 slot 0 d 1 = -1 111 1 1 - 1 - 1 -1 - Z i,m = d i. c m d 0 = 1 111 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 111 1 1 - 1 - 1 -1 - 111 1 1 - 1 - 1 -1 - slot 0 channel output slot 1 channel output channel output Z i,m sender code data bits slot 1 slot 0 d 1 = -1 d 0 = 1 111 1 1 - 1 - 1 -1 - 111 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 111 1 1 - 1 - 1 -1 - 111 1 1 - 1 - 1 -1 - slot 0 channel output slot 1 channel output receiver code received input D i =  Z i,m. c m m=1 M M

14. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks6-14 CDMA: two-sender interference