Sources of Energy Objectives: To develop an understanding of Different sources of energy. Agenda: Take notes, take out a separate sheet of paper to write questions and answers on as we go through the slides.

BIOFUELS, BIODIVERSITY AND ENERGY SECURITY: What are the environmental and social impacts?

Converting food crops into biofuel “is a crime against humanity.” Jean Zeigler, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, October 2007 Respond to this statement…what does it mean to you? Why would Zeigler say this?

Energy Energy security 2007: Problems with oil supply became dramatic Energy What does this picture mean to you? What is this picture of? Which conflict if any do you think this was from? Why? Energy security

“Let’s face it. It’s all about olive oil.”

Energy prices

What would it mean to you if gas went up to $6. 00 a gallon What would it mean to you if gas went up to $6.00 a gallon? What would you be willing to give up? Movies? Fast food? Make up? Shopping for clothes?

And of course the threat of climate change

This Ferrari F430 runs on biofuel

A post-petroleum future?

How will the poor adapt to more expensive oil?

An iPod still needs energy

But another concern is rural livelihoods But another concern is rural livelihoods. What does bioenergy mean for farmers?

Globally, 2 billion people rely on traditional biomass fuels. Nepal: 90% of energy comes from fuelwood Domestic use of roundwood for fuel: 98% in Lebanon 66% in Jordan 44% in Turkey Globally, 2 billion people rely on traditional biomass fuels.

Our modern societies are dependent on high energy use Where are the highest concentrations of energy? Why? Explain your answer.

“Can you believe it? Since we installed our wood-burning stove we’ve spent next to nothing on heating oil.”

BP Oil Spill in Gulf- Deep Water

April 20, 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Gushing approx 62,000 barrels of crude oil per day Caused extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitat Up to 4,200 square miles of the gulf were impacted Clean up still happening, impact still there

What about alternative sources of oil?

Alberta’s tar sands contain billions of barrels of oil, but current yield is only 1 million barrels per day and requires 3-10 barrels of water for each barrel of oil. Maximum possible production: 3 million barrels per day

Coal remains a major source of energy

We need to look at all the options Analyze and explain the predicted trends Source: International Energy Agency

Alternatives to oil: Human power

Bicycles played a critical role in the Vietnam war

Alternatives to Oil: Biomass

Biofuel yields of selected first generation ethanol and biodiesel feedstock

Some market information… Biofuel market development during the last 5 years: now ~3% global gasoline consumption Biofuels may share ~10% of world fuel use for transport by 2025 Less than 10% of global biofuels production is internationally traded But important expansion in global trade: key consumers (EU, US, and Japan) will not have the domestic capacity to meet internal demand

Biodiesel Produced from seeds such as palm, jatropha, canola, sunflower and soy

Rail line between Mumbai and Delhi is planted with Jatropha and the trains run on 15-20% biodiesel

Dangers of Jatropha Highly invasive Useless for food or fodder Requires water and fertilizer Requires processing facilities

2000-2005, Indonesia planted 1.6 million ha of oil palm, with US$110 million in government subsidies. 9.8 million ha of forest were lost.

Forest growing on peat soils in Indonesia are burned to make way for oil palm plantations Releasing more carbon than will ever be stored by the palms

What does this picture represent in terms of energy?

May 16, 2011 Objectives: To develop a better understanding of bioenergy and biofuels. Question: What is an example of a biofuel? Agenda: Notes: also 2 pieces of paper 1 for questions.

Some of the diesel fuel from Indonesian oil palm went to feed this truck

Explain the message in this picture.

World fuel ethanol production

Sugarcane produces the most ethanol per hectare Burning of sugarcane fields before harvesting emits carbon One million jobs, mostly low-paying In Brazil, sugarcane fields lose up to 30 tons of topsoil per ha per year By 2014, all fields must be mechanized and cannot burn, what can this mean for smaller farmers?

How can deforestation lead to soil loss and/or erosion?

Explain the message in this cartoon.

Using US maize to produce ethanol increased tortilla price in Mexico

The cost of producing Beer in Germany is increasing, as farmers turn from growing barley to growing biofuels….waaaaaaaa….boo hooooo….too bad

The European Commissioner for Agriculture cancelled subsidies for set-asides in 2008, because of demand for biofuels. The EU mandated that biofuel must provide 5.6% of transport energy by 2010. Policy may have gotten ahead of science

U.S. Mandate on ethanol “Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007” Automobiles must have an average of 35 mpg by 2015 36 bn gallons of biofuels in Production by 2022 Does this mean that all Vehicles should be retrofitted to achieve this?

“Second generation” biofuels produced from agricultural waste, wood and grasses

…or this? This….

And what about the small farmer?

“Third generation” biofuels? Colorado’s Solix Biofuels harvests algae with a field of bioreactors that take a kind of painter’s drop cloth to bubble CO through its system

Algae Algae production has the potential to outperform other potential biodiesel products such as palm or corn. For example, a 100-acre algae biodiesel plant could potentially produce 10 million gallons of biodiesel in a single year. Experts estimate it will take 140 billion gallons of algae biodiesel to replace petroleum-based products each year. To reach this goal, algae biodiesel companies will only need about 95 million acres of land to build biodiesel plants, compared to billions of acres for other biodiesel products.

Marine algae: 10 times the oil content of oil palm (Botryococcus braunii produce 75% of their dry weight as hydrocarbons) Sooo….what could be some determents to algae?

On energy the answer is easy

Potential Reductions in GHG Emissions by Feedstock Type On climate, what is the best feedstock? Potential Reductions in GHG Emissions by Feedstock Type

Social justice raises more difficult issues

Some key complexities of bioenergy remain Diverse components: Feedstock supply, conversion technology, and energy use Diverse economic, social, and environmental factors Diverse scales, from local to international Diverse objectives, from energy autonomy at the local level to serving international markets What should be the basis for the necessary trade-offs?

Three main systems of biomass production for energy System 1. Small-holder production for local use System 2. Small-holder production with commercial processing System 3. Medium- and large-scale commercial production

System 1. A multifunctional landscape with bioenergy potential

System 2. Canola in France is often sold commercially by smallholders

Enkoping, Sweden: First European town powered by bioenergy

System 3. Maize and sugarcane are often grown commercially for external markets

The US has 113 ethanol distilleries and 77 more are under construction. Potential capacity: Over 44 billion liters (about 5% of US fuel consumption) “Business Advisory: 16 Ethanol Plants Filing Bankruptcy, Many More to Come” DTN 20 June 2008.

Final 5 What is the most efficient biofuel? Why?

(Source: Milder et al., 2008)