N OMENCLATURE

B AN DHMO! The Invisible Killer Dihydrogen monoxide is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and kills uncounted thousands of people every year. Most of these deaths are caused by accidental inhalation of DHMO, but the dangers of dihydrogen monoxide do not end there. Prolonged exposure to its solid form causes severe tissue damage. Symptoms of DHMO ingestion can include excessive sweating,bloated feeling, nausea, vomiting and electrolyte imbalance. For those who have become dependent, DHMO withdrawal means certain death.

B AN DHMO! Dihydrogen monoxide: is also known as hydroxyl acid, and is the major component of acid rain. contributes to the "greenhouse effect." may cause severe burns. contributes to the erosion of our natural landscape. may cause electrical failures and decreased effectiveness of automobile brakes. has been found in excised tumors of terminal cancer patients

B AN DHMO! Contamination Is Reaching Epidemic Proportions! Quantities of dihydrogen monoxide have been found in almost every stream, lake, and reservoir in America today. But the pollution is global, and the contaminant has even been found in Antarctic ice. DHMO has caused millions of dollars of property damage in the midwest, and recently California.

B AN DHMO! Despite the danger, DHMO is often used: as an industrial solvent and coolant. in nuclear power plants. in the production of styrofoam. in many forms of cruel animal research. in the distribution of pesticides. Even after washing, produce remains contaminated by this chemical. as an additive in certain "junk-foods" and other food products. Companies dump waste DHMO into rivers and the ocean, and nothing can be done to stop them because this practice is still legal. The impact on wildlife is extreme, and we cannot afford to ignore it any longer!

B AN DHMO! The Horror Must Be Stopped! The American government has refused to ban the production, distribution, or use of this damaging chemical due to its "importance to the economic health of this nation." In fact, the navy and other military organizations are conducting experiments with DHMO, and designing multi- billion dollar devices to control and utilize it during warfare situations. Hundreds of military research facilities receive tons of it through a highly sophisticated underground distribution network. Many store large quantities for later use.

It's Not Too Late! Act NOW to prevent further contamination. Find out more about this dangerous chemical. What you don't know can hurt you and others throughout the world.

T HE NAME OF COMPOUNDS ARE VERY IMPORTANT ! Because they tell you what is in that compound!

H OW DO I KNOW THE ION FORMED BY VARIOUS ELEMENTS ? The periodic table group numbers signify the number of valence electrons members of that group each have. The valence electron number will indicate whether or not that element/group will lose or gain electrons, and how many Groups 1-3 and the transition elements lose electrons to become positive ions Groups 5-7 gain electrons to become negative ions Group 4 and 8 do not form ions

T HE PERIODIC TABLE AS A USEFUL TOOL

N AMING B ASICS : I ONIC C OMPOUNDS Ionic compounds are formed between a metal and a nonmetal Metals: groups 1, 2, 3, & the transition metals (short rows) Nonmetals: primarily groups 5, 6, & 7 To name them: Cation + Anion + ide Cation: positive ion Anion: negative ion Na + Cl = Sodium Chloride

D ETERMINING THE MOLECULAR FORMULA OF AN IONIC COMPOUND Compounds are by definition neutral. When combining ions to form an ionic compound, the overall charge of the compound must equal zero Subscripts are used to indicate the number of each element needed in order to have a neutral compound For example: Na + Cl = NaCl (+1, -1 equals zero) Mg + Br = MgBr 2 (+2, -1, -1 equals zero)

C OMPOUND WITH P OLYATOMIC IONS Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that act together as one unit

C OMPOUNDS WITH P OLYATOMIC IONS When naming compounds with polyatomic ions, use the name of the polyatomic ion with no –ide suffix For example: K 2 S = Potassium sulfide while K 3 PO 4 = Potassium phosphate In the example above, the rules for determining subscripts remains the same: the goal is for the compound to be neutral (no electrical charge) K = +1 charge, PO 4 = -3 charge and so I will need three K+ ions to bond with one PO 4 polyatomic ion in order to reach an electrical charge of zero (neutral

C OMPOUNDS WITH ELEMENTS THAT FORM MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF I ON ( MULTIPLE CHARGES ) When naming a compound containing an element that can form more than one type of ion, a Roman numeral is used to indicate the charge of that ion in that particular compound Copper (II) Oxide: Copper has a +2 charge, and therefore the formula will be CuO Copper (I) Oxide: Copper has a +1 charge and therefore the formula will be Cu 2 O

C OMMON T RANSITION ELEMENTS WITH MORE THAN ONE ION FORMATION

N AMING COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ONLY NONMETALS When nonmetals combine, the naming system is different. Because you cannot necessarily use the PT to indicate the quantities of each atom in the compound, the name must indicate the amounts using standard prefixes: mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, and deca The only time a prefix is not used is for the first element of the name when there is only one of that element in the compound. CO carbon monoxide N 2 O 4 dinitrogen tetraoxide