Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia CHAPTER 16 Nationalism in Europe Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia Objectives: Discuss Alexander II’s reform efforts, the conflicts sparked by radical groups, and the government’s reaction to radical activities. Explain the causes of the Revolution of 1908 and why it failed.

Ch 16.4 Bell Ringer: SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia What were some of the problems faced by Russia? Problems: lagging industry, underdeveloped natural resources, lack of ports, external and internal conflict Option 1 Option 2 expand military force develop resources Advantage: Advantage: Disadvantage: Disadvantage:

Reform and Revolution in Russia SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Russia was not much changed from the medieval period.

SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia

Reform and Revolution in Russia SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia By the mid-1800s Russia had the largest territory and population of any European nation.

Reform and Revolution in Russia SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia 1533-1894

Reform and Revolution in Russia SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia === Has the world’s largest oil reserves === === second largest coal reserves === === 1/5 largest lead reserves === === largest reserves of water in lakes === === largest diamond deposits === === second largest potassium reserves === === enormous fish reserves ===

Reform and Revolution in Russia SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia …virtually landlocked. No warm water ports.

Ethnic Groups in Russia SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia We have common Slavic ancestors but we have different languages, customs, & history. Ethnic Groups in Russia Largest ethnic groups in the European part of Russia Scattered throughout were various ethnic minorities … many had been conquered and disliked Russian rule.

Russian Domestic & Foreign Policies SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Russian Domestic & Foreign Policies Liberalism made little progress in Russia. Autocrat ~ one who holds absolute power Nationalist ideals appealed to the many ethnic minorities within the Russian Empire ~ AND the educated aristocracy. Alexander I 1814

Reform and Revolution in Russia SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia … harsh measures would be taken. Strictly censored speech and press Rejected all demands for a constitution Russification: change in language or self-identity of non-Russian peoples to being Russian Nicholas I 1840

Russian Foreign Policy SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Russian Foreign Policy Had two primary features To increase Russian influence among the Slavic peoples of the Balkans Pan-Slavism Expansion to the south into Ottoman Empire and east into Asia

Reform and Revolution in Russia Visual Source Reform and Revolution in Russia What country does the octopus represent? What are its tentacles trying to encircle? Why?

Alexander II and Reforms SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Alexander II and Reforms Serfs in Russia Russian serfs were bound to persons – NOT to the land. Basically slaves. Alexander II came to power in 1855.

Reform and Revolution in Russia Political Cartoon Reform and Revolution in Russia Pre-emancipation cartoon depicting the value of the serfs.

Reform and Revolution in Russia Political Cartoon Reform and Revolution in Russia A 19th century cartoon of Alexander II, as he plunges into an abyss on a sled labeled "despotism“.

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The Emancipation Edict SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia The Emancipation Edict "It is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait for the time when it will begin to abolish itself from below.”

Other Reforms … SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Zemstovs ~ elected councils at the provincial & county levels Civil & criminal courts reformed reducing delays and corruption Limited the power of secret police Gave press greater freedom Expanded education Reduced military service from 25 to 6 years

Alexander’s reforms did not please everyone … SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Alexander’s reforms did not please everyone …

Radicals and Government Reaction SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Radicals and Government Reaction Nihilists ~ favored the destruction of human institutions and laws, based on the idea that such institutions and laws were artificial and corrupt

Political Cartoon Reform and Revolution in Russia

Terrorist Acts the Populists (1870s) People’s Will terrorism SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Terrorist Acts the Populists (1870s) People’s Will terrorism Czar Alexander repressed the radical groups but continued reforms.

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Reform and Revolution in Russia SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Czar Alexander had signed a document granting the first ever constitution for his people … the same day he was assassinated.

Used every available means to stamp out liberalism … SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Alexander III Used every available means to stamp out liberalism … Nicholas II

Reform and Revolution in Russia SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Censorship Control of church and education Spies and informers Imprisonment and exile Revived and intensified Russification. Pogroms targeting Jews.

Reform and Revolution in Russia SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia These attempts to preserve the old order met with much opposition. Liberals and radicals found support from the exploited workers.

Reform and Revolution in Russia SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Social Democratic Labor Party 1898

22 January 1905 ~ “Bloody Sunday” SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia The Revolution of 1905 22 January 1905 ~ “Bloody Sunday”

The Revolution of 1905 Workers struck and held demonstrations SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia The Revolution of 1905 Workers struck and held demonstrations Mutinies in army and navy October Manifesto issued Election of a parliament ~ the Duma Autocracy continued

Failed to overthrow the czar for three main reasons … SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Failed to overthrow the czar for three main reasons … Army remained loyal to the czar The French loaned money to Russian gov’t The revolutionary groups were divided in their goals. The autocracy continued and would use repressive measure to preserve their power.

Any questions? Close your books! SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Any questions? Close your books! Time for your quiz!

SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia

SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia

Political Cartoon Reform and Revolution in Russia

SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia

Reform and Revolution in Russia SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia Problem: lagging industry, underdeveloped natural resources, lack of ports, external and internal conflict Option 1 Option 2 expand military force develop resources Advantage: Advantage: adds resources and ports, unifies populace avoids external conflict, supports economy Disadvantage: Disadvantage: risks loss of ports and re-sources, popular opposition requires unavailable technology, labor, and capital

Chapter Wrap-Up CHAPTER 16 1. How did differences in the goals of different political groups affect the unification and nationalization of countries such as Germany and Russia? 2. To what extent did threats from other countries influence unification movements? 3. In what countries did common cultural backgrounds play a role in unification efforts?