THE INQUISITION By Inhyeok Hwang and Zeeshan Sevilla-Ahmad

INQUISITION Definition 1. A formal tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church created to discover and suppress heresy 2. severe interrogation (often violating the rights or privacy of individuals)

WHAT STARTED THE INQUISITION? In 1100s, thousand of people were following Catharism; and they believed that they were the true Christians and Catholic Church was false. Many dukes and local leaders in France protected Cathars They threatened the pope and French government. This led to…1209, Pope Innocent III declared a Crusade against them. And this led to a long war between Northern and Southern French nobles. But when the North won, many thousands of people secretly remained Cathars.

WHAT HAPPENED IN THE INQUISITIONS? Church leaders felt something stronger needed to be done with all the heretics in Europe. The Inquisition 1232, Pope Gregory IX decided to end this heresy once and for all so he set up a system called the Inquisition. He authorized the leaders of religious order and sent out friars, (members of any certain religious order), to find and question heretics. Procedure There would be words such as “The inquisition has come to town. Everyone gather together to confess your crimes!” Anyone can denounce someone for a light punishment and they would have to inform on other heretics. Other people faced forced interrogation.

WHAT HAPPENED? The Trial The trial generally favored the Church Lawyers were allowed, but they were rarely used. Closed trials Defendant is allowed to confess (but they rarely knows their own charges) Defendant didn’t have the right to face the accuser Testimony was taken from all sorts of different ways They were usually tortured into confessing even if they didn’t do it The defendant didn’t have the right to face the accuser but they had the rights to… Say the names of the people who hated them, if the accuser was named then the defendant was released. And then the accuser faced a life sentence. This was implemented to keep the Inquisition out of local grudges.

TORTURE/PUNISHMENT Used after 1252, the inquisitor could threaten to torture. But it was forbidden to use methods that will cause bloodshed, mutilation or death. One of the common torture was strappado. (where your hands are tied behind your back and it is lifted up to dislocate the joints on the arms and sometimes weights are added to the ground so your leg joints can be dislocated as well.) The commonly known punishment burning at stake was only for some of the serious cases, such as unrepentant heretics. the execution was done not by the Church, because they were forbidden to kill, but by secular (someone or something that is not bound by religious rules) officials. They wanted to be seen as merciful, and they generally preferred to keep defendants alive in hopes of obtaining confessions. so Execution meant defeat, that the Church was unable to save a soul from heresy, which was the goal of the inquisition.

SPANISH INQUISITION It was founded 1478 under Ferdinand and Isabella … Thousand of Jews and Muslims had settled in Spain, and they had been forced to convert to Christianity to participate in business and government. These Conversos made up a large portion of the wealth in Spain. Rumors had spread that these conversos continued to practice Judaism, so the Anti-conversos riots erupted. These event upsets Spains so Ferdinand and Isabella took action.

SPANISH INQUISITION Spain didn’t attack the rioters, instead they attacked the conversos. Pope Sixtus IV gave permission for them to set up their own Inquisition Tomas de Torquemada, a Dominican friar, appointed Inquisitor General. Ferocious in dealing with heretics, within 10 years… 2,000 people had been burned at the stake Another 15,000 suffered other penalties Even the auto-da-fe was horrendous.

AUTO-DA-FE It is called the Act of faith and it is the Final public ceremony of Spanish Inquisition. Crowds were gathered in squares and a bishop called out the names of condemned (sentencing someone by death), then those heretics wear black robes and then tied to the stakes. The attendance at an auto-da-fe was the amount at a bullfight They were asked to repent and give up heresy to the church Anyone who repented would be strangled to death The others were burned

SUMMERY Inquisition What happened? people were being accused of being heretics and the church looked to punish them for their sinful actions Who was involved? Pope Innocent III Pope Gregory IX How does this event show religious disunity in Europe? Because they are killing people based on what they hear. They are trying to scare everyone into becoming a christian

SUMMARY Spanish inquisition What was the Spanish Inquisition about, and what happened? Spanish Inquisition occurred because Christian rulers, like Isabella and Ferdinand, were determined to get rid of any heretics or non-Christians in Spain. The main goal was to convert everyone to Christianity in Spain. Who was involved? Pope Sixtus IV Ferdinand Isabella Tomas de Torquemada

INQUISITIONS There was Four different Inquisitions they were… Medieval/Episcopal Inquisition – (1184 – 1230s) Spanish Inquisition – 1478 A.D. Portuguese Inquisition – 1536 A.D Roman Inquisition – Second half of 16 th century

CITATION Adams, Clive E. "Nobody Ever Expects the Spanish Inquisition." The Psychiatric Bulletin. Royal College of Psychiatrists, n.d. Web. 5 Nov Mörner, Magnus. "The Expulsion of the Jesuitrs from Spain." JSTOR. ITHAKA, n.d. Web. 5 Nov Tedeschi, John. "The Roman Inquisition and Witchcraft, an Early Seventeenth-Century “Instruction” on Correct Trial Procedure." Persee Scientific Journals. ENS De Lyon, n.d. Web. 5 Nov