Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of The Upper Limb

Shoulder: Arm: Forearm: Hand: (27 bones) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna (M) Radius (L) Hand: (27 bones) Carpal bones (8) Metacarpals (5) Phalanges (14)

Clavicle “S” shaped bone (resilience) medial 2/3 convex anteriorly , lateral 1/3 concave Sternal end (rounded)  manubrium & 1st rib Acromial end (flat)  acromion

importance of the clavicle: Connects upper limb to axial skeleton (strut) Protects neurovascular bundle that supply the upper limb Transmits shocks from upper limb to axial skeleton

Fractures of Clavicle Common indirect impact to upper limb Between middle & lateral thirds Medial part  / lateral  Shoulder drop Medial rotation of humerus

Scapula (shoulder blade) Triangular flat bone Anterior (costal) surface 2nd – 7th ribs Posterior (spinous) surface

Left Scapula (Posterior Aspect) 1.Coracoid Process 3. Superior border 4. Supraspinous Fossa 6. Scapular Spine 7.Medial border 8.Infraspinous Fossa 9.Inferior Angle 10.Lateral border 11.Glenoid Cavity Margin 12.Acromion Process

Clinical: Winged Scapula Medial border of scapula hangs away from thoracic wall 1. Damage to serratus anterior m. 2. Injury to long thoracic n. During fights

Humerus (brachial bone) The arm bone Articulates with: Scapula (shoulder joint)  Radius & Ulna (elbow joint)

Upper part Head (1/3 of sphere) Anatomical Neck Lesser Tubercle Intertubercular Groove Greater Tubercle Surgical Neck Deltoid Tuberosity

Right Humerus, Lower part 1. Radial Fossa 2. Lateral Epicondyle 3. Capitulum 4. Trochlea 5. Medial Epicondyle 6. Coronoid Fossa 7. Olecranon Fossa

Humerus Fractures 1. Fracture of the surgical neck: Common in elderly (osteoporosis) due to falls down

2. Transverse fracture of humerus shaft: direct blow to the arm displacement depends on relation to deltoid insertion below deltoid tuberosity: upper  laterally (deltoid) lower  superiorly (biceps) Above deltoid tuberosity: ??

3. Supracondylar fracture: fractures of the distal part of humerus 4. Fracture of medial epicondyle: pulls the epicondyle inferiorly weakness in fingers/hand flexion injury to ulnar n.

Bones of The Forearm Radius: - Lateral bone of the forearm - Articulations: Humerus & Ulna  Scaphoid & Lunate - Shaft is convex lat. & wider below than above

Right Radius Head of Radius Neck of Radius Radial Tuberosity Anterior Posterior Radius Ulna Head of Radius Neck of Radius Radial Tuberosity Radius (Shaft) Styloid Process

Stabilizing bone of forearm Bones of The Forearm Ulna: - Medial bone of the forearm - Articulations: Humerus & Radius  Radius - Longer than Radius Stabilizing bone of forearm

Right Ulna Olecranon Process Trochlear notch Coronoid Process Anterior Posterior Radius Ulna Olecranon Process Trochlear notch Coronoid Process Ulnar Tuberosity Styloid Process

“dinner-fork deformity” Fractures of Radius Colles’ Fracture: Fracture of distal end of the radius, where the distal fragment moves posteriorly & superiorly due to falls on open hands “dinner-fork deformity” Smith’s Fracture: Reversed ??

Proximal, middle & distal Bones of The Hand Carpal bones (8): Proximal row (4) & distal row (4) Metacarpals (5): Base, shaft & head Phalanges: Proximal, middle & distal Thumb (Exception)

Carpals of proximal row: Scaphoid (boat) 2. Lunate (moon) 3. Triquetrum (3 cornered) 4. Pisiform (pea)

1. Trapezium (4-sided) 2. Trapezoid (wedge) Carpals of distal row: 1. Trapezium (4-sided) 2. Trapezoid (wedge) 3. Capitate (large, with rounded head) 4. Hamate (hummer, hook process)

Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver’s Hand

Lower Limb Divided into 4 regions: Gluteal Region: hip bone Thigh: femur Leg: tibia & fibula Foot: tarsals, metatarsals & phalanges

Hip Bone Made up of 3 bones: ilium (flat) ischium (L) pubis (V) Meet at the Acetabulum: a socket where the femur head articulates to form the hip joint Beneath the acetabulum is an opening: “Obturator Foramen” Posterior: 2 notches (greater & lesser sciatic notches)

ilium (L, flank= خاصرة) The largest part of hip bone Consist of: body & wing (ala) Has 4 spines (?) The sup. Border of the wing: Iliac crest (palpable) Iliac crest extension?

Ischium (L-shaped) (G, socket) Forms inferoposterior part of hip bone Consists of: Body (joins?) Ramus (joins?) Spine tuberosity

Pubis (V-shaped) Forms the ant. part of hip bone Consists of: Body (articulates?) Sup. & Inf. rami Tubercle

Comparison of Female & Male Pelves Pelvic Inlet ?? Pubic Arch 90o Vs. 90o Pelvic Outlet wide Vs. Narrow Sacrum concavity

Femur longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body Proximally: articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone forming the hip joint Distally: articulate with the condyles of the tibia forming the knee joint

Surface Features of Femur Head Neck Lesser trochanter Greater trochanter Shaft Linea Aspera Femoral Condyles

weight-bearing bone of the leg Tibia Tibia: L, flute Located medially weight-bearing bone of the leg Surface features: Tibial condyles Tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus

Fibula Slender bone, smaller than tibia Located laterally Features: Head Lateral malleolus Fibula is a common source of bone for grafting

Tarsal Bones 7 bones Talus (ankle= كاحل) Calcaneus (heel= كعب) Navicular (little boat) Medial Cuneiform (wedge-shape) Intermediate Cuneiform Lateral Cuneiform Cuboid