Welcome Mrs. Mack’s Grammar Kings & Queens Welcome Mrs. Mack’s Grammar Kings & Queens Happy Ground Hog Day February 2, 2015

SKILLS FOR THE WEEK! Select illustrations, descriptions, and/or facts to support key ideas Select appropriate time-order or transitional words/phrases to enhance the flow of a writing sample Specify a logical word choice to complete an analogy, using synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, categories, subcategories, whole/part, and functions Interpret factual, quantitative, technical, or mathematical information presented in text features (e.g., maps, charts, graphs, time lines, tables, and diagrams) Identify the stated or implied theme of a literary text. TCAP COACH Rearrange multi-paragraphed work in a logical and coherent order Determine the author’s purpose for writing Select appropriate synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms within context Use context clues and prior knowledge of roots and affixes to determine the meaning of multi meaning words.

EHC TODAY TCAP COACH FOLDER Use the TCAP Coach Book Pages 3 – 8 Answer questions 1-5 ON YOUR OWN PAPER / IN YOUR OWN FOLDER. DO NOT WRITE THE QUESTIONS!

EHC Answers 1. SPI A 2. SPI F 3. SPI , , B 4. SPI J 5. SPI A

Objectives: SPI Use correct clues and prior knowledge of roots and affixes to determine the meaning of multiple meaning words. SPI Recognize and use grade-appropriate and content-specific vocabulary written context.

Roots and Affixes How words are created

Vocabulary English vocabulary include short words like the article a as well as longer word such as inextricably and denunciation. Short word such as speak and solve are called base words Base words cannot be reduced to smaller parts. Other words can be added to them to produce longer words with various meanings.

Word Parts There are two kinds of word parts: roots and affixes. A root is a word part that comes from another language, such as Greek or Latin. An affix is a word part that can be attached to either a root or a base word to create a new word.

Affixes Affixes can be divided into two categories: prefixes (appear at the beginning of words) and suffixes (appear at the end of words). Common PrefixesCommon Suffixes Bi- two-al adjectival suffix Anti- against-fy verb suffix Inter- between-ic adjectival suffix Pre- before-ion noun suffix Super- above-ism noun suffix Trans- across-ize verb suffix Dis- not-ous adjectival suffix

Check it out RootsAffixes Latin Root: tang, meaning “touch” Prefix: in-, meaning “not” Greek Root: chrome, meaning “color” Suffix: -ible, meaing “able to”

Meaning The meaning of a word is related to the meaning of its word parts. To unlock the meaning of an unfamiliar word, break the word down into its component parts; then think about the meaning of the word’s affixes and root.

Apply For example one could analyze the word intangible, using the chart shown previously. First break the word into its parts: PREFIX ROOT SUFFIX ENGLISH WORD In- + tang + -ible = intangible Tang is a latin roots meaning “touch” In- is a prefix meaning “not” -ible is a suffix meaning “able to”

Word Families A group of English words may be derived from the same word part of root. Such a group is called a word family. You can use this knowledge to help you determine the meaning of unknown words. Try this out: Shared roots: solo, solitary, solitude Root: sol= ?

Answer: Alone, can you think of other words in the family? Solitare Soloist Based on your knowledge of the root and the meaning of other words in the same family, try to define the meaning of the above words. Solitare- a card game played by one person Soloist- one who performs alone

Try one: Words: Diminish Diminutive Minimum What do these words have in common? Which words do you know? What do you think the meaning of the root is?

Word Family Practice Questions: Word family: ethnicity, ethnic, ethnographer Root: ethn Meaning: Ocean Nation Hesitation

Word Family Practice Questions: Word family: maniac, maniacal Root: mania Meaning: Education Sanitation Madness

Word Family Practice Questions: Word family: epidermis, dermatology Root: derm Meaning: Skin Body Mind

Word Family Practice Questions: Word Family: laboratory, labor Root: lab Meaning: Work Good Weak

Context Clues: Are hints that the author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word.

The clue may appear within the same sentence as the word to which it refers, or it may follow in the next sentence. Because most of your vocabulary is gained through reading, it is important that you’re able to recognize and take advantage of context clues.

Using context means to figure out what words mean by how they are used in the sentence or paragraph where they appear. There are several different context clues you can use to help you figure out unfamiliar words. Authors often use punctuation clues to help the reader. Punctuation clues might include commas, dashes, or parentheses.

Examples: Mary retained, kept, the deed to her mother's house. I wonder if that fruit is edible, able to be eaten.

Types of context clues There are at least four kinds of context clues that are quite common. Synonyms Antonyms Explanation Example

Authors may use word clues such as synonyms—words with almost the same meaning antonyms—words opposite in meaning—near the unfamiliar term. Examples: Reducing cholesterol has a number of beneficial results. One positive outcome is reducing the risk of heart disease. (synonym clue) I despise liver, but I adore steak. (antonym clue)

Synonyms (or definitions) A synonym, is a word or phrase with the same meaning. Most castles had high walls and were surrounded by a water-filled ditch called a moat. The harlequin, like the circus clown, was a fool who loved to perform.

Antonym A word or phrase with the opposite meaning. Jerry is very clumsy, but his sister Jenny is adroit. Unlike his quiet and low key family, Brad is garrulous.

Explanation Sometimes the meaning of a word or phrase is explained immediately following its use. Etymology, which is the study of the origin of words, finds many teachers taking the bull by its horns when unraveling the mysteries of vocabulary studies. A biographer, or one who writes about people's lives, is an example of an author.

Example Writers use words like: “such as," "for instance," and "for example" indicate examples. The student was suffering from anxiety. For example, when he first saw the test, he began to tremble.

Old Mr.. Riley was quite spry for his age. Daily he walked several blocks to buy a newspaper, and I often saw him working in his garden. Which words or phrases might help you figure out what spry means? Daily he walked several blocks working in his garden.

Wilson put on a heavy coat, a wool scarf, several pairs of socks inside his boots, and fur-lined gloves to protect himself against the frigid weather. “Frigid” means: (1) very dry (2) very hot (3) very wet (4) very cold (5) very old

Answer (4) very cold

Nippers, spraggers, and mule drivers envied the miners and laborers, whose strength was measured in coal. What do we know? Nippers and spraggers are not like miners and laborers. They envied them, suggesting that their position is lower and less important than the laborers and miners. If you learn what a word does NOT mean, you can figure out what it means. Low-level workers in coal mines

Acrophobia, or fear of heights, can make life difficult for tightrope walkers who suffer from it. “fear of heights” Bibliographies are often placed at the end of a chapter or textbook to list books in which you may find more information. Bibliographies are: (1)List of books (2)List of chapters (3)List of words (4)List of authors

Answer (1) List of books

Prefixes & Suffixes

Objectives Use knowledge of root words as well as context clues and glossaries to understand specialized vocabulary in the content areas during reading. Use these words accurately in speaking and writing. Describe the origins and meanings of common, learned and foreign words used frequently in English language writing and literature. Identify new words that have been added to the English language over time using prefixes.

How many words are in the English Language? The Second Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary contains full entries for 171,476 words in current use, and 47,156 obsolete words. To this may be added around 9,500 derivative words included as subentries. Over half of these words are nouns, about a quarter adjectives, and about a seventh verbs; the rest is made up of interjections, conjunctions, prepositions, suffixes, etc. These figures take no account of entries with senses for different parts of speech (such as noun and adjective).

Shrinking Vocabulary  The average sixth grade student knows approximately 25,000 words.  The average high school graduate knows approximately 50,000 words.  This means that average students learn roughly ,000 words a year (Graves, 2007).  This translates to 8 words a day, 7 days a week, 52 weeks a year - including weekends or summers.

Half of all “high-frequency words” every day words, and two-thirds of all academic and technical words are derived from Latin or Greek. So learn the meanings of roots, prefixes, and suffixes and these basic elements make it easier to learn new words.

Prefixes Number Prefixes These prefixes indicate number value in a word: Bi- two —bicycle-two wheels Tri- three —triangle—three angles Prefixes are added to the beginning of words to change a words meaning. Cycle is something you ride. Bicycle is something you ride with two wheels.

You try Write a word that uses each prefix, then write a definition for the word: Bi- Tri-

Not Prefixes :These prefixes indicate the word not: il—illegal—not legal Im—impossible—not possible In—inactive—not active Ir—irregular—not regular Non—nonsense—no sense Un—unable—not able

You Try Write a word that uses each prefix, then write a definition for the word: il— Im— In— Ir— Non— Un—

Direction Prefixes: De—lower—descend-move to a lower place Mid—middle—midway—middle of the way In—in/into—inhale—breath in Im—in/into— import—bring into Re—back—re curve—a backwards bend Sub—under—submarine—underwater Super—above—superimpose—place above

You Try Write a word that uses each prefix, then write a definition for the word: De— Mid— In— Im— Re— Sub— Super—

Time Prefixes: Time Prefixes: Fore—ahead of time—forewarn—warn ahead of time Pre—before—prefix—before the word Re—again—redo—do again

You Try Write a word that uses each prefix, then write a definition for the word: Fore— Pre— Re—

Behavior Prefixes: Behavior Prefixes: Mis—wrongly—misunderstand—wrongly understand Mis—badly—misbehave—badly behave

You Try Write a word that uses each prefix, then write a definition for the word: Mis—

Combining Prefixes: Combining Prefixes: Com—together—compact—packed together Con—with—contact—communicate with

You Try Write a word that uses each prefix, then write a definition for the word: Com— Con—

Suffixes -ment action or process movement, bewilderment, government -ness state of, condition of kindness, ruthlessness -able, -ible can be done comfortable, capable, visible -ful full of, having some or much useful, hopeful -or -er -ar a person connected with (changes verb to noun) actor, runner, beggar – ous -eous -ious possessing the quality of courteous, delicious, religious

ACTIVITY Generate a list of possible words that contain the prefix labeled on your chart paper Let see the group that has the most prefixes