Humans Have a Relatively Short History 4/16/2017 2:56 AM Humans Have a Relatively Short History © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Fossil Records Indicate that modern humans have a relatively recent history Began in Africa In a short time, humans have become the most numerous and widespread large animal on Earth

A Closer Look at Primates Primates (Order: Primates) Include Lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans There are approximately 300 primate species living today

Primates Fossil evidence support the hypothesis that primates evolved from a small tree-dwelling, insect-eating ancestor 85 to 65 million years ago.

Primates Primates retain adaptations from living in trees Flexible shoulder joints Hands that were used in hanging from branches Sensitive fingers and nails instead of claws Binocular Vision 2 eyes close together on the front of the face Wes Welker Justin Verlander Mike Lowell

Primates Binocular Vision In field of vision the two eyes overlap This enhances depth perceptions Eye hand coordination

Primates Mammals devote more time and energy to care for young, than most other vertebrates Most primates have single births and nurture their offspring

Two Primate Groups Includes Lorises, Galagos, and Lemurs Lemurs are found on Madagascar and the Comoro Island, off the coast of Africa. Galagos Loris

Madagascar and the Comoro Two Primate Groups Madagascar and the Comoro Madagascar

Two Primate Groups Includes: Tarsiers, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys Tarsiers: Flat Faces with large eyes Limited to South East Asia Nocturnal

Two Primate Groups New World Monkeys Found in the America’s Tree Dwelling Prehensile Tails – (grasping tails) function as an extra appendage for swinging on trees So, if they swing on their tails = New World Monkey Some Old World Monkeys have tails but their tails are not prehensile.

Two Primate Groups Old World Monkeys Include Baboons, Macaques, and Mandrills are mainly ground dwellers Mandrills Macaques Baboons

The Apes Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Modern Apes live only in tropical areas of the Old World except for some gibbons; apes are generally larger than other primates They have long arms, short legs, no tail

The Apes / Hominoids All apes can move through trees but only the orangutans and gibbons are mainly tree dwellers Gorillas and chimps are very social Chimpanzees are biologically closest relatives of humans DNA only 5% difference

Early Hominines Hominines – the hominoids in the lineage that led to humans Homo Sapien (modern human) – only species in existence today Many hominines lived in the past Earliest hominines may have lived 6 to 7 million years ago

Early Hominines Two important developments in the evolution of hominids: Upright Posture (leading to 2 – legged walking) Brain enlargement

Early Hominines Sahelanthropus 7million year old – Found in Central Africa A million years older than any other known hominine Brain about the size of a modern chimp Short broad face was more human Still debate whether this fossil represents a hominine

Early Hominines Walking Upright Bipedalism – walking on two feet Australopithecus Afarensis – oldest evidence of upright posture and walking on two feet. Walked upright 4 million years ago Lucy – a female Australopithecus Afarensis 3 ½ feet tall, head about the size of a softball Australopithecus Afarensis species were extinct by about 1.2 million years ago

Early Hominines Australopithecus Afarensis Dikika Baby Lucy

Early Hominines Later species overlapped in time with early species of the genus homo. Walking upright evolved before enlarged brain

Early Hominines Enlarged Brain First enlarged brain relative to body size appeared 2.5 million years ago Many skulls have been found between the size of Australopithecus and H. Sapiens Simple stone tools were found with these species Species name Homo habilis (Handy Man) Used skilled hands and big brains to invent tools Enhanced the ability to hunt, gather food, and scavenge for food

Homo habilis - Handy Man Early Hominines Homo habilis - Handy Man

Early Hominines Paranthropus 3 recent species grouped together which grew into the size of well-fed NFL Linebackers placed in their own genus Diets include course and fibrous plant foods like modern gorillas

Early Hominines Homo erectus – first hominine fossil observed in a continent other than Africa H. Erectus was taller and had a larger brain tha H. habilis During their 1.5 million years of existence they grew to about the size of modern humans Oldest H. erectus fossils found outside of Africa are 1.8 million years ago in the country of Georgia, near Russia

Early Hominines Homo erectus

The Origin of Modern Humans Early Homo Sapiens coexisted with another hominid species; Homo Neanderthalensis Neanderthals Lived in area of Europe Made tools from stone and wood Fossil records indicate that Neanderthals Did NOT give rise to modern Homo Sapien Became extinct 30,000 years ago

The Origin of Modern Humans There are many hypothesis for the origin of fully modern humans Fossil records now suggest that ancestors originated in Africa Homo Sapien fossils that look like today’s modern Homo Sapien are about 195,000 years old and it was discovered in Ethiopia Also discovered in Ethiopia Also supported by DNA

Out of Africa Theory Molecular biologist analyzed mitochondrial DNA from living humans around the world determined when they last shared a common ancestor. The estimated date for that African common ancestor is between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago. More recent DNA data suggest that a small subset of those African ancestors left northeastern Africa between 65,000 and 50,000 years ago to colonize the world. Data supports Theory

Out of Africa Theory

The Origin of Modern Humans New Findings In 2003 scientist discovered a fossilized skeleton of a previously unknown hominine species Found on the island of Flores, Indonesia Called Flores Man (Homo Floresiensis) Only 18000 years old Smaller skull and shorter than modern Homo Sapiens Previously thought no other hominine existed while Homo Sapiens had spread over most of the Earth