1. Hominid Evolution: On The Origin of Humans.

2. Questions to answer: What is a human? What is a hominid?
What were early humans (hominids) like?
How long have humans (hominids) been around?
Where - and when - did modern humans (Homo sapiens) originate?
How have we changed?
How did we come to populate the entire earth?

3. What is a hominid? Any human-like species, including us.
Bipedal (walks on two legs).
Intelligent (large brain, uses tools).
----- Meeting Notes (10/25/12 08:55) -----

4. Hominids are not the same as modern apes.
Modern apes like chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans are not bipedal.
Modern apes do not have a large brain case compared to ours.
Modern apes do not make tools.
However, chimpanzees are our closest relative - our DNA is 98% similar to theirs!

5. There have been at least a dozen different species of hominids over the last five million years or so.

6. Since the first hominid fossils and artifacts were found, we have found literally hundreds of others.

7. Anthropologists compare the skulls, teeth, bones, and tools
Anthropologists compare the skulls, teeth, bones, and tools. Together they begin to show our family tree - how we evolved to who we are today. Notice that most species have gone extinct - there are a lot of “dead ends”.

8. We are still not exactly sure when the first bipedal hominids evolved, but an amazing discovery in 1974 proved that hominids were bipedal a lot earlier than previously believed. Her name was Lucy.

9. “Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds.”
Discovered in Ethiopia in 1974.
Dated at 3.2 million years old!
40% of her skeleton was found.
Only four feet tall.
Bipedal for certain. She walked upright.
Her scientific name is Australopithecus afarensis, a distant ancestor to us, Homo sapiens.

10. An even more impressive fossil was found in 1978, but there were no bones to it at all. This discovery proved that there were bipedal hominids even earlier than Lucy.

11. The Laetoli Footprints
3.6 million years old.
Even older than Lucy.
Clearly bipedal.
Also showed that these early hominids walked together.

12. The earliest stone tools are from 2.3-2.5 million years ago
It is not just fossil bones and footprints that can tell us about our evolutionary history – scientists also look for evidence of the things our ancestors used and ate in order to understand how we evolved.
The first stone tools appear in the fossil record million years ago. These are associated with Homo habilis fossils.

13. It is important to remember that there were several species in the genus Homo that came before Homo sapiens.
Homo habilis is the earliest fossil discovered so far. (2.3 million years old)
It means “handy man”.
Homo habilis used very simple tools.

14. Early humans were using fire and sophisticated tools 1
Early humans were using fire and sophisticated tools 1.8 million years ago.
In later fossil sites, researchers have discovered more sophisticated stone tools, and evidence for the controlled use of fire.

15. Homo erectus was a serious toolmaker and a fine hunter
Homo erectus was a serious toolmaker and a fine hunter. Evidence also indicates that they were the first to use fire.

16. Homo erectus was the first to migrate out of Africa
This development may have allowed early humans to move out of Africa for the first time, probably from about 1.8 million years ago onwards.
These individuals were member of the species Homo erectus - fossils from this species have been discovered in Europe and Asia.
With this species distinctly “human” traits became more developed. They were larger and built more like modern humans and had larger brains than earlier species.

17. Fossils of several other species in the genus Homo have also been found.
Homo ergaster.
Homo heidelbergensis.
The most famous is Homo neanderthalensis
(Neanderthal Man).
Neanderthal Man lived in Europe.
They too went extinct.
Probably lived side-by-side with Homo sapiens.
Possibly interbred with them.

18. Homo sapiens. Anatomically modern humans.
Oldest fossils found so far are perhaps 195,000 years old.
Found in Africa (also in Ethiopia).

19. And recently, DNA analysis has proven this.

20. We are all Africans.
DNA testing of thousands of humans today, using a simple saliva test kit, has created a “map” of human migration since modern humans first left Africa 80,000 years ago.

21. We now have an excellent “road map” of how humans evolved from Africa and migrated to populate the rest of the earth. This evidence matches the fossils and fills in the gaps.

22. And if we follow the path of our mitochondrial DNA back to the beginning, somewhere in Africa…

23. We find that all humans alive today, including us, descended from a SINGLE FEMALE. Scientists have called her “Eve”.

24. From Lucy to “Eve”.
Using fossils, artifacts, and now even our DNA, we are slowly getting a good picture of our own hominid evolution.

25. Modern humans Europe Africa Asia Africa Homo erectus
Did we evolve from Homo erectus separately in Asia, Africa and Europe?
We know Homo erectus migrated out of Africa about 1.8 million years ago, and hominid populations were living in Europe and Asia. This hypothesis suggests that modern human populations evolved from these ancient populations separately in Asia, Africa, and Europe, but with some interbreeding along the way.
Homo erectus
Africa

26. Modern humans Europe Africa Asia Africa Homo erectus
Or did we evolve in Africa and migrate out recently (within the last 100,000 years), replacing existing hominid populations?
Until the 1980s the first hypothesis was favoured – modern humans evolved from Homo erectus separately in Asia, Africa and Europe.
But Rebecca Cann and Allan Wilson showed that modern humans originated in Africa, evolving relatively recently from a small ancestral population. This supports the second hypothesis which is referred to as the “Out of Africa” hypothesis.
Cann and Wilson showed that we can all trace our DNA back to one woman who lived in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
Homo erectus
Africa