Warmup 8/25 What are the major types of energy of the following before the collision and after? Man Concrete 2. What other types of energy are probably present?

Warmup 8/25 What are the major types of energy of the following before the collision and after? Balloon Water Person What other types of energy are probably present?

What helps us understand space? Actual samples from space Particle accelerators Telescopes All wavelengths of light

What is Light? Energy Electromagnetic wave Can travel without a medium (matter) Transverse waves http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/02_anatomy.html

Many Types of Light Electromagnetic spectrum All travel at the speed of light (3x108 m/s) Vary in wavelength and frequency

Types and Uses Radio Microwave Infrared Visible Ultraviolet X-ray Gamma http://www.ted.com/talks/david_gallo_shows_underwater_astonishments.html

Energy in Waves Which set of “hills” takes more energy to run? High energy Short wavelength High frequency Large amplitude

Really Muscular Idiots Visualize Ultra X-treme Grannies

Scientific Notation Used to write really BIG or small numbers easily. For example... 100000000000000000000000 stars in the universe Easier… 1 x 1024 stars in the universe That means 1 followed by 24 zeros.

The Better Way How can we use this for all numbers? Earth to Pluto – 4,670,000,000 miles - There are 9 numbers after the 4 so… 109 - Since the non-zero numbers are 467… 4.67 x 109

Standard form to scientific notation 7,345 0.000007 Can you go backwards? Scientific notation to standard form 9.807 x 1012 2.11 x 10-6

Warmup 8/26-27 List the types of light in the Electromagnetic spectrum in order. Which type of light do you think is the most useful to humans and WHY? Change 6,200,000,000 scientific notation. Change 7.31 x 103 to standard notation.

What do you think of when you look at the night sky?

How has our “picture” of the universe changed? Greeks Aristotle Earth-centered Rotating spheres

Early Scientists Galileo Copernicus Kepler Newton Mathematical laws about movement of planets First to use telescope in astronomy Calculation of gravity Sun-centered universe Galileo Copernicus Kepler Newton

Next generation of scientists… http://wouterdeheij.wordpress.com/2013/04/27/famous-innovation-quotes-from-steve-jobs-gunter-pauli-einstein-henry-ford-and-many-others/ Einstein Calculations Universe changing size Disbelieved Added a constant to his equations Results = static universe Friedmann Removed Einstein’s constant Universe changing shape Won Einstein’s approval http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksandr_Fridman.png

The Big Bang Theory Lemaitre Hubble Priest and physicist http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/01/05/q-a-how-is-the-universe-so-big/ Lemaitre Priest and physicist Universe began as a single point Expanded since that time Hubble Astronomer Published around same time Provided evidence

Spectroscopy Activity Draw the lines that you see Make sure the # of lines, color of the lines and order is accurate Write a conclusion – based on your observations, what can you conclude about the different materials and light you see the material produce?

The Big Bang Started as a single point Expansion Evidence Explosive at first Evidence Red-shift

How is a spectrum created? If light passes through gas or dust Light absorbed Excites/heats atoms Emit own light Makes an emission spectrum Unique All objects emit light Pure light from a source Continuous spectrum https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~jbattat/a35/cont_abs_em.html

What does a spectrum tell us? Each chemical or atom has a unique spectrum. Like a fingerprint What chemicals are present http://www.umsl.edu/~physics/Lab%20Connection/Electricity%20and%20Magnetism%20Lab/12-lab13.html

How do astronomers use spectra? Look at light from Stars (gas in outer layers) Nebula Determine chemical composition Can also determine movement of object http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/casreports-2004/rep-236/

ID unknown: Strontium

Unknown Sodium Hydrogen Lithium Mercury Sun absorption Na emission H emission Li emission Hg emission Identify elements (Na + H) (no Li/Hg)…star is Sun! Lithium Mercury

H, Fe

Warm Up #2 Why are emission spectra important? How are emission spectrum created? What 2 things can astronomers learn by looking at the spectrum from a star?

Hubble’s Evidence - Redshift Change in emission spectrum Same pattern Shifted from where it should be

Relating back to light… http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/Cyberia/Bima/doppler.html Blue-shift Moving towards us Wavelength shortens Red-shift Moving away from us Wavelength lengthens Bigger the shift the further away it has come from Hubble only saw red-shifted spectra

Same thing happens with sound… Doppler effect Object moving past a stationary object Waves get shortened in front Higher pitch Waves get longer in back Lower pitch Inside the source – no change

Hubble’s Conclusions Universe moving away from us Things further away are moving away faster Expansion rate has since beginning https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/book/export/html/1967

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Further evidence of the big bang Picture = Universe all same temp Very cold Not what we actually see Where else could the microwaves come from? Extreme red-shift From a high energy wave Travel long distances Oldest light we observe Time when universe was all the same temp. The Big Bang

“Why do we use/have to learn about the Metric System?” Scientists need a universal way to communicate data. 195 countries in the world use metric system. 3 don’t. Other countries’ companies are refusing to buy products from the U.S.A. if they are not labeled in metric units.

Who do we think we are? United states Myanmar Liberia

“What does the Metric System measure?” Length - meters, m Mass – grams, g Volume - liters, L Time - seconds, s Temperature - Celsius, ºC

Metric Conversion (Staircase Method) To convert to a smaller unit, move decimal point to the right Kilo (k) 1000 units Hecto (h) 100 units Deka (da) 10 units Basic Unit (m, g, L) Deci (d) 0.1 units Centi (c) 0.01 units Milli (m) 0.001 units To convert to a larger unit, move decimal point to the left

For example… 7000 mg = ____ g Kilo (k) 1000 100 10 Basic Unit units Hecto (h) 100 units Deka (dk) 10 units Basic Unit (m, g, L) Deci (d) 0.1 units Centi (c) 0.01 units Milli (m) 0.001 units Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the staircase. Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams. Step 3: Move the decimal that many places.

For example… 7 3 7000 mg = ____ g Kilo (k) 1000 100 10 Basic Unit units Hecto (h) 100 units Deka (dk) 10 units Basic Unit (m, g, L) Deci (d) 0.1 units Centi (c) 0.01 units Milli (m) 0.001 units Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the staircase. Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams. 3 Step 3: Move the decimal that many places.

Let’s practice… 150 .2 470,000 20 cm = _________ m .15 L = _________ mL .2 20 cm = _________ m 470,000 .47 km = _________ mm

Warm-up

Universal Glue…GRAVITY Explore it… Demo Define it! The force that attracts a body or toward any other physical body with mass. Play clip to 1:00 DEMO: http://shows.howstuffworks.com/stuff-to-blow-your-mind/51310-stuff-to-blow-your-kids-mind-gravity-video.htm DEMO

What is Space? Is it empty? Interstellar medium Dust and Gas Nebulas Orion Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr1995044a/ Large Magellanic Cloud http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr2006055a/ Is it empty? Brainstorm a list with your neighbor of 5 things you might find in space … Interstellar medium Dust and Gas Nebulas

Nebular Hypothesis How do we get from Point A to Point B? Random collisions of atoms Areas of growing mass Spherical shape Pull in more matter Increase in Temperature Pressure Spin Creates a bulge in the sphere Start video at 0:50 http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap06/FG06_17.jpg

Nuclear Fusion High temperatures 2 particles become 1 Releases a lot of energy Video clip Particle accelerators Man-made Create new elements Find smallest particles http://www.universetoday.com/52696/nuclear-fusion-power-closer-to-reality-say-two-separate-teams/ - Run video clip from 0:45 to 1:55 Fermi National Lab http://www.wired.com/playbook/2012/08/olympics-physics-hammer-throw/

Color and Temperature What did you see as a pattern? Objects give off a variety of light Peak depends on temperature Peak shows most common type of light http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdeedu/kstars/ai-colorandtemp.html

H-R Diagram Graphing Activity Look for patterns http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1017b/

Main Sequence Stars Find group on H-R diagram Wide variety http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram Find group on H-R diagram Wide variety Highest # of stars Stars stay here the longest Actively fusing hydrogen into helium Outward pressure from fusion Inward pressure from gravity Equal in these stars Maintain size http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/the-science-of-the-supernova/

How do we know how far away that is? Parallax effect Compare distant stars to nearby stars Measure shift as Earth orbits the Sun Calculate the distance Further away = less of a shift Better technology = see smaller shifts = measure larger distances http://lifeng.lamost.org/courses/astrotoday/CHAISSON/AT301/HTML/AT30105.HTM

http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/aruiter/ASTRONOMY110/parallax.gif

Looking Back in Time If a star is 10 light years away http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1214c/ If a star is 10 light years away How old is the light we see today? Is that star still there today? If an alien is on a planet 10 million light years away If they could see with the Earth with great detail, what would they see right now? When we observe light from a star 2 billion light years away….what does that mean?

Light-Years Distances in space are very large Created new unit - Light year Distance 9.5×1012 km or 5.9×1012 mi Proxima Centauri : 2.5 x 1013 miles

Daily Review #6

What happens to our Sun? Form red giants Fusing helium Core collapsing http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg Form red giants Fusing helium Core collapsing Outer layers spread out Cools http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/StarLife/Page7.html

What then? Forms a white dwarf Ran out of helium http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/white_dwarfs.html Forms a white dwarf Ran out of helium No more fusion Outer gasses moving away Planetary nebula Leaves a hot, dense core Ring Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004032d/ Cat’s Eye Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004027a/

What about the fate of larger stars? Become red supergiants Fuse elements larger than helium All the way to iron Short lives Supernova No more fusion Core violently explodes Fuses heavier atoms Very bright, short time Spreads out material http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/supernova_remnant/pr2005037a/ http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg

What then? Forms a neutron star If a lower mass core Very dense Neutron star in supernova Cassiopeia A http://www.space-pictures.com/view/pictures-of-space/pictures-of-stars/neutron-star/index.php Forms a neutron star If a lower mass core Very dense Not very big Lots of gravity Can produce gamma and x-rays when it pulls items into it http://www.clccharter.org/maya1/Supernova/supernova.html

Or… Forms a black hole How can we see? http://www.space.com/15421-black-holes-facts-formation-discovery-sdcmp.html Or… Forms a black hole Higher mass cores Infinitely dense Need to travel faster than the speed of light to escape How can we see? Will bend light from nearby stars See dust and gas swirling around Hot enough to give off x-rays Probably at the center of most galaxies Including ours! Video Whirlpool Galaxy http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/pr2001010a/

Warm Up #4 What is happening inside a red supergiant star? What happens in a supernova? How is a neutron star different from a black hole? Why should we not be able to see a black hole? Why can we “see” a black hole?

Age of the Universe Rocks on Earth Oldest stars Universe must be older http://www.universeadventure.org/big_bang/conseq-ageofuniv.htm Age of the Universe Rocks on Earth 4.2 billion years Oldest stars 10-12 billion years Universe must be older Estimate backwards 13.8 billion years http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2009/07/31/the-size-of-the-universe-a-har/

What happens next? Big Crush Big Chill Big Rip Stops expanding http://sandeepdmisra.wordpress.com/2011/04/ What happens next? Big Crush Stops expanding Gravity causes to crush Repeat the process Big Chill Expand at slowing rate Get cooler as expands Big Rip Expand at increasing rate Everything gets ripped apart http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/eli_sonafrank/Expansion_-_Fate_of%23168EE9.html

What else is out there? Visible matter Dark matter Dark energy http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/de-what_is_dark_energy.php Visible matter Dark matter Does not give off light Things weigh more than they should Dark energy Causing the increase in expansion rate seen in most recent data Thus fate of the universe is… Big Rip Adding these items makes models better fit actual observations

Warm Up #3 What makes a star a main sequence star? Why does the size of the core of a main sequence star not change? What will eventually happen to our Sun and why?

Metric System Olympics Create a data table to organize the following items (one per group) You will be doing the following “events” – paper plate “discus”, straw “javelin” and long jump For each “event” you will need a measurement, then you will change that measurement to another unit, and you will write this last unit in scientific notation