2. Warm-up8/24 1. What is the Law of Conservation of Energy? 2. What does this mean to you: Solve complex problems using multiple models 3. You are the first manned mission to Mars. As you exit the space shuttle, you discover a pink substance at your feet. How would you show that this substance is matter?

3. What helps us understand space? Actual samples from spacespace Telescopes All wavelengths of light

4. What is Light? Energy! Electromagnetic wave Can travel without a medium (matter) Transverse waves

5. 7 types! Electromagnetic spectrum All travel at the speed of light (3x10 8 m/s) Vary in wavelength and frequency Types of Light

6. Which set of “hills” takes more energy to run? High energy Short wavelength High frequency Energy in Waves

7. Radio Microwave Infrared Visible Ultraviolet X-ray Gamma Types and Uses

8. Assignment Create a model to remember the order of the types of light in the electromagnetic spectrum! Make sure you have all 7 types in order!

10. Warm-up Make sure your homework is in the basket! 1. What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum? 2. How is it possible that light can travel through space? 3. Which type of light do you think you use the most? WHY?

11. Spectroscopy Activity Draw the lines that you see. Make sure the # of lines, color of lines, and the order is accurate! Write a hypothesis about why you think the different tubes have different patterns.

12. How is a spectrum created? All objects emit light Pure light from a source Continuous spectrum If light passes through gas or dust Atoms absorb light Excited atoms emit light Using a prism, we can see an emission spectrum https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~jb attat/a35/cont_abs_em.html

13. What does a spectrum tell us? Each chemical or element has a unique spectrum!

14. How do astronomers use spectra? Look at light from objects in space Determine chemical composition Determine movement of object http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/casreports-2004/rep-236/

17. Unit Conversions How do we convert one number to another with different units? If I say a distance is 14 feet, how many inches is that? How did you figure that out? What about: 1. 132 inches = _____ feet 2. 6 hours = _____ minutes 3. 11,640 feet = _____ miles 4. 3.1 miles = _____ inches 5. 1 year = _____ minutes 6. $6.50 = _____ quarters

18. Warm-up 1. Convert 20,342 inches into feet. 2. How many stars do you think are in the Universe? 2:001:591:581:571:561:551:541:531:521:511:501:491:481:471:461:451:441:431:421:411:401:391:381:371:361:351:341:331:321:311:301:291:281:271:261:251:241:231:221:211:201:191:181:171:161:151:141:131:121:111:101:091:081:071:061:051:041:031:021:011:000:590:580:570:560:550:540:530:520:510:500:490:480:470:460:450:440:430:420:410:400:390:380:370:360:350:340:330:320:310:300:290:280:270:260:250:240:230:220:210:200:190:180:170:160:150:140:130:120:110:100:090:080:070:060:050:040:030:020:01End2:00

19. HOW BIG IS THE UNIVERSE?

20. How far is that star? Parallax effect Compare distant stars to nearby stars Measure shift as Earth orbits the Sun Calculate the distance Further away = less of a shift Better technology = see smaller shifts = measure larger distances

21. http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/aruiter/ASTRONOMY110/parallax.gif

22. Looking Back in Time Distances in space are very large! Created new unit Light year Distance light travels in 1 year 9,500,000,000,000 km = 1ly 5,900,000,000,000 mi = 1ly How do we use it? If a star is 10 light years away How old is the light we see today? Is that star still there today? If an alien is on a planet 10 million light years away… When we observe light from a star 2 billion light years away….what does that mean?

23. Unit Conversions How do we convert one number to another with different units? If I say a distance is 14 feet, how many inches is that? How did you figure that out? What about: 1. 132 inches = _____ feet 2. 6 hours = _____ minutes 3. 11,640 feet = _____ miles 4. 3.1 miles = _____ inches 5. 1 year = _____ minutes 6. $6.50 = _____ quarters

24. How many light years away is Proxima Centauri if it is 25,000,000,000,000 miles away? Let’s start here: How many feet are in 3 miles? How many seconds are in 14.5 years? How many cm are in 6 inches? Back to Proxima Centauri… Light-Years

25. How has our “picture” of the universe changed? Greeks Aristotle Earth-centered Rotating spheres History of Astronomy

26. Early Scientists Galileo Copernicus Kepler Newton Mathematical laws about movement of planets First to use telescope in astronomy Calculation of gravity Sun-centered universe

27. Next generation of scientists… Einstein His calculations showed the universe is changing size Disbelieved so he added a constant to his equations Result = static universe Friedmann Removed Einstein’s constant Showed universe IS changing shape http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksandr_Fridman.png

28. The Big Bang Theory Lemaitre Universe began as a single point Expanded since that time Expansion is accelerating! Hubble Astronomer Published around same time Provided evidence http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/01/05/q-a-how-is-the-universe-so-big/

29. TO DO! Staple your model to your warm-up sheet. Turn it in to the red basket! Turn your unit conversion homework into the blue basket! Get out your calculator and a pencil and put everything else away!`

31. DO NOW! 1. Put your homework in the red basket. 2. Pick up a study guide. 3. Pick up a resiliency and grit rubric. Grade yourself honestly. When you finish, put it in the green basket. 4. Do not put any of the papers on your desk away! End

32. Used to write really BIG or small numbers easily. For example... 100000000000000000000000 stars in the universe Easier… 1 x 10 24 stars in the universe That means 1 followed by 24 zeros/spaces. Scientific Notation

33. The Better Way How can we use this for all numbers? Earth to Pluto – 4,670,000,000 miles - There are 9 numbers after the 4 so… 10 9 - Since the non-zero numbers are 467… 4.67 x 10 9

34. Standard form to scientific notation 7,345 0.000007 Can you go backwards? Scientific notation to standard form 9.807 x 10 12 2.11 x 10 -6

35. HOMEWORK You must complete two of the sections. Those sections must be 80% correct (you can only miss 2 per section). You may do more sections for extra credit..25 points per correct problem (max = 5 points) Due Tuesday 9/1

36. Warm-up Write the following in scientific notation: 630,100,0000.00000028 Write the following in regular notation: 3.4 x 10 7 8.12 x 10 -6 What is the ‘big idea’ in the Big Bang Theory? End

37. Big Bang Theory What is a theory? Big Bang Theory Universe started as a single point Expansion, not explosion 13.8 billion years ago http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/01/05/q-a-how-is-the-universe-so-big/

38. Hubble’s Evidence - Redshift Change in emission spectrum Same pattern Shifted from where it should be

39. http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/Cyberia/Bima/doppler.html More on Redshift… Red-shift Wavelength lengthens as object moves away from us Shift increases as distance increases Hubble only saw red-shifted spectra Blue-shift Moving towards us Wavelength shortens Only local objects

40. Same thing happens with sound… Doppler effecteffect Object producing sound moving past a stationary objectobject Waves get shortened in front Higher pitch Waves get longer in back Lower pitch Inside the source – no change

41. Hubble’s Conclusions Universe moving away from us Things further away are moving away faster Expansion rate has___ since beginning https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/book/export/html/1967

42. Cosmic Microwave Background Evidence supporting the Big Bang Theory Oldest light in the universe Created as universe cooled “Picture” of universe is almost uniform Anomalies WMAP data of the Cosmic Microwave Background. Credit: NASA

43. Warm-up 1. Is the below spectrum red shifted or blue shifted? 2. What does that mean about its wavelength? 3. Which way is the object travelling? 4. The star Arcturus is 3.472 x10 14 km from Earth. What is the distance to Arcturus in light years? (Remember 1 ly = 9.5 x 10 12 km or 5.9 x 10 12 mi)

44. What is Space? Is it empty? Brainstorm a list with your neighbor of 5 things you might find in space … Interstellar medium  Dust and Gas  Nebulas

45. Nebular Hypothesis How do we get from dust & gas to stars? Random collisions of atoms Areas of growing mass Spherical shape Pull in more matter Increase in Temperature Pressure Spin http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap06/FG06_17.jpg

46. Nuclear Fusion High temperatures 2 particles become 1 Releases a lot of energy

47. Color and Temperature Objects give off a variety of light Color depends on temperature Hotter  Cooler  Brightness depends on size and temperature http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdeedu/kstars/ai-colorandtemp.html bluered

48. H-R Diagrams

49. DO NOW! 1. Fix Resiliency rubric 2. Big Bang Bands Activity with 1 partner 3. Unit Conversions w/ Sci. Not. Worksheet – by yourself 4. If you have missing work, see me! 5. Work on study guide  When you finish one thing, turn it in to the baskets at the front! (not study guide)

50. Warm-up 1. What is required for a star to form from a protostar? 2. Write the following numbers in scientific notation: 0.00001245124,820 59.228 3. Convert 1.9285 x 10 14 miles to light years.

51. In the beginning… 1. Nebula 2. Protostar Nuclear fusion

52. Main Sequence Stars Highest # of stars Wide variety Stars stay here the longest Sun Actively fusing hydrogen into helium Outward pressure from fusion Inward pressure from gravity Equal in these stars Maintain size Large stars vs. smaller stars http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram http://www.thenakedscie ntists.com/HTML/article s/article/the-science-of- the-supernova/

53. Stars = to the sun’s mass Form red giants Fusing helium Core collapsing Outer layers spread out Stars > to sun’s mass Form red supergiants Fuse elements > helium (all the way to iron) Short stage http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/StarLife/Page7.html Old Age

54. Death! Stars = to sun’s mass Form white dwarf Ran out of helium No more fusion Outer gases moving away Leaves a hot, dense core http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/white_dwarfs.html Cat’s Eye Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004027a/

55. Death! Stars up to 4x sun’s mass 1. SupernovaSupernova No more fusion Core violently explodes Fuses heavier atoms Very bright, short time Spreads out material 2. Neutron Star Very small Very dense http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/supernova_remnant/pr2005037a/

56. Death! Stars 5x sun’s mass Form black hole Infinitely dense Cannot escape How can we see? Will bend light from nearby stars See dust and gas swirling around See dust and gas swirling around Hot enough to give off x-rays Probably at the center of most galaxies Including ours! Including ours http://www.space.com/15421-black-holes-facts-formation-discovery-sdcmp.html Whirlpool Galaxy http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/pr2001010a/

57. Warm-up – Follow the instructions on the board! 1. What makes a star a main sequence star? 2. Why does the size of the core of a main sequence star not change? 3. What will eventually happen to our Sun and why? 4. How is a neutron star different from a black hole?

58. Age of the Universe Rocks on Earth 4.2 billion years Oldest stars 10-12 billion years Universe must be older Estimate backwards 13.8 billion years http://www.universeadventure.org/big_bang/conseq-ageofuniv.htm http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2009/07/31/the-size-of-the-universe-a-har/

59. What happens next? Big Crunch Stops expanding Gravity causes to crush Repeat the process Big Chill Expand at slowing rate Get cooler as expands Ends with cold, dark, empty state Big Rip Expand at increasing rate Everything gets ripped apart http://sandeepdmisra.wordpress.com/2011/04/

60. What else is out there? Visible matter Dark matter Does not give off light Things weigh more than they should Dark energyenergy Causing the increase in expansion rate seen in most recent data Thus fate of the universe is… Big Rip Adding these items makes models better fit actual observations. http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/de-what_is_dark_energy.php