1. 15. Make the following conversions: 5.4 m = ? km 0.87 kg = ? mg 2.04 cL = ? mL 16. What are 3 pieces of evidence to support the Big Bang theory? 17. How would you know if a spectrum is red- shifted and what would it mean about that object? 18. What are some things you have heard are in space that you are unsure of or have questions on?

2.  Not really empty  Stars, planets, etc.  Interstellar medium ◦ Dust and Gas ◦ Nebulas Orion Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr19 95044a/ Large Magellanic Cloud http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr200605 5a/

3.  Random collisions of atoms  Areas of growing mass ◦ Spherical shape ◦ Pull in more matter  Increase in  Temperature  Pressure  Spin - creates a bulge in the sphere http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap06/FG06 _17.jpg

4. Fermi National Lab http://www.wired.com/playbook/2012/08/olympics-physics-hammer-throw/ http://www.universetoday.com/52696/nuclear-fusion-power-closer-to-reality-say-two-separate-teams/  Eventually….  High temperatures  2 particles become 1  Releases a lot of energy  Particle accelerators ◦ Man-made ◦ Create new elements ◦ Find smallest particles ◦ Recreating the early universe conditions

5.  Objects give off a variety of light  Peak depends on temperature ◦ Peak shows most common type of light http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdeedu/kstars/ai-colorandtemp.html

6.  White dwarfs  Red giants  Red supergiants  Blue giants http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram

7.  Parallax effect ◦ Compare distant stars to nearby stars ◦ Measure shift as Earth orbits the Sun ◦ Calculate the distance  Further away = less of a shift  Better technology = see smaller shifts = measure larger distances http://lifeng.lamost.org/courses/astrotoday/CHAISSON/AT301/HTML/AT30105.HTM

8.  If a star is 10 light years away ◦ How old is the light we see today? ◦ Is that star still there today?  If an alien is on a planet 10 million light years away ◦ If they could see with the Earth with great detail, what would they see right now?  When we observe light from a star 2 billion light years away….what does that mean? http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1214c/

9.  Quiz – ◦ Quiet until everyone is done ◦ Eyes on own paper ◦ Turn in when finished  Bring me your binder if you didn’t have it set up last time  What are the differences in the types of stars?  How are all stars the same?

10.  Wide variety  Highest # of stars  Actively fusing hydrogen into helium ◦ Outward pressure from fusion ◦ Inward pressure from gravity ◦ Equal in these stars ◦ Maintain size http://www.thenaked scientists.com/HTML/ articles/article/the- science-of-the- supernova/ http://science.howstuffworks.com/sun.htm

11.  Form red giants ◦ Fusing helium ◦ Core collapsing ◦ Outer layers spread out  Cools http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/StarLife/Page7.html

12.  Forms a white dwarf ◦ Ran out of helium  No more fusion ◦ Outer gasses moving away  Planetary nebula ◦ Leaves a hot, dense core http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/white_dwarfs.html Ring Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004032d/ Cat’s Eye Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004027a/

13.  Become red supergiants ◦ Fuse elements larger than helium  All the way to iron ◦ Short lives  Supernova Supernova ◦ No more fusion ◦ Core violently explodes ◦ Fuses heavier atoms ◦ Very bright, short time ◦ Spreads out material http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/supernova_remnant/pr2005037a/

14.  Forms a neutron star ◦ If a lower mass core ◦ Very dense  Not very big  Lots of gravity ◦ Can produce gamma and x- rays when it pulls items into it Neutron star in supernova Cassiopeia A http://www.space-pictures.com/view/pictures-of-space/pictures-of-stars/neutron-star/index.php http://www.clccharter.org/maya1/Supernova/supernova.html

15.  Forms a black hole ◦ Higher mass cores ◦ Infinitely dense ◦ Need to travel faster than the speed of light to escape  How can we see? ◦ Will bend light from nearby stars ◦ See dust and gas swirling around  Hot enough to give off x-rays  Probably at the center of most galaxies ◦ Including ours!  Video Video Whirlpool Galaxy http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/pr2001010a/ http://www.space.com/15421-black-holes-facts-formation-discovery-sdcmp.html