The Mandate System 1920 Balfour Declaration 1917? POST World War I

C 31 Sec 3: Nationalism in North Africa and the Middle East North Africa:Morocco and Tunisia granted independence from the French in 1956 Algeria granted independence in 1962 (many French settlers there) Present Day (Arab Spring):Tunisia: 12/2010-1/2011 Egypt: 1/2011-2/2011 Libya: 2/2011 – 10/2011 Syria: 1/2011- ????

2/3/2012

Conflicts in the Middle East Morocco and Tunisia Causes: France tried to resist nationalist campaigns that gained support after World War II Effects: French aggression led to increasing unrest France eventually negotiated with nationalist leaders for peace Morocco and Tunisia granted independence in 1956

Conflicts in the Middle East Algeria Causes: France encouraged large scale European settlement here (more than 1 million French immigrants here by 1950) 1954: Algerian nationals established the FLN (National Liberation Front) Effects: FLN went to war against France France responded harshly in Battle of Algiers (FR victory) But …. Feb 1961 agreement was signed that granted Algeria independence in 1962

The Mandate System 1920 Balfour Declaration 1917?

1947: British announced it was giving up control of the mandate UN proposes a partition to divide the mandate into two states: Palestine and Israel Why did the Arabs reject the United Nations Partition Plan? The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan (Res. 181) gave 55% of the land to the Jews even though they owned only 7% of the land in Palestine and comprised only 33% of the population. The land that was designated for the Jewish state included prime agricultural and coastal land and would have had a large Palestinian population under the Jewish state control. The Arabs considered this unfair.

The Creation of Israel: May 14, 1948 Despite objections: UN validates division > British leave May 15, 1948: first Arab-Israeli War (8 months) Arabs defeated UN Plan never implemented 700,000

Conflicts in the Middle East Israel Causes: After WW II, Zionist leaders pressed Britain to establish a Jewish state 1947: Britain giving up control of the mandate United Nations proposed a partition of Palestine (one Jewish state, one Arab state) Effects: David Ben-Gurion declared birth of democratic state of Israel, May 14, Series of Arab-Israeli wars follow from May present. Wars involve massive killings, refugees and land exchanges

COMMUNIST PAN-ARABISM US pressures France, Israel and Great Britain to withdraw from Suez Canal NATIONALISM

Conflicts in the Middle East Egypt Causes: Egypt’s loss in 1 st Arab-Israeli War discredited King Farouk I (1948) King Farouk I was pro-British and seen as dependent on Britain for power Effects: 1952 military coup- (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Forced Farouk out of power/ abolished the monarchy Banned existing political parties Created a single government party

Conflicts in the Middle East Suez Canal Causes: Abdel Nasser refuses to sign Baghdad Pact Nasser seeks military aid from Soviet controlled Czechoslovakia US and Britain deny Nasser funds to build Aswan Dam Egypt blocks Israeli shipping/blocks control of Suez Canal/ GB FR Israel attack Effects: Oct 1956: Britain, France and Israel attack Egypt Israel invaded the Sinai Peninsula, BR and FR troops occupy the Suez Canal Zone (Egypt defeated) US intervened: BR, FR and Israel withdraw Egypt left in control of the Suez Canal

1941: Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi : nationalists opposed him 1951: parliaments named nationalists to power > nationalized oil industry US and Britain called for a boycott of Iranian oil 1953: Shah returns to power (we help to overthrow nationalists) IRAN

Conflicts in the Middle East Iran Causes: 1941 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi becomes the Shah of Iran Russia and Britain controlled oil reserves there Nationalists determined to take control of country’s oil reserves Effects: Britain and US call for a boycott of Iranian oil Coup ousted nationalist leader Mohammad Mosaddeq Shah Pahlavi returned to power (combined reform with an iron fist)

C 31 section 4: Conflicts in the Middle East Regional Issue #1= Oil

2/3 of the world’s oil comes from the Middle East

Regional Issue #2 = Islamism OPEC= Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Regional Issue #3 = Conflict with Israel After 1948, most Middle East countries refused to accept Israel’s right to exist Series of wars = Israel controlled more land than in = Six Day War (Israel took control of Gaza, Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, East and West Jerusalem

Before and After the Six Day War 1967

Egypt and Syria fight back with Yom Kippur War 1973

Until late 1970s, NO Arab nation recognized Israel’s right to exist… Camp David Accords 1978 The main features of the agreement were the mutual recognition of each country by the other, the cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the complete withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the rest of the Sinai Peninsula which Israel had captured during the 1967 Six-Day War ( Sadat/ Begin = Nobel Peace Prize 1978) October 6, 1981 March 9, 1992

Over 500 Israeli civilians died in 140 Palestinian suicide bomb attacks from 2000 to More than 4,500 Palestinians were killed by Israeli forces in the same period. Yassar Arafat ( ) Established PLO 1964 Intifada 1987 Oslo Peace Accords 1993 (w Itzhak Rabin) Received Nobel Peace Prize 1994 Second Intifada 2000 President Obama/ Secretary of State Clinton: renewed interest in peace process 2011

By 1978: Iranians protested the Shah’s oppressive rule 1979: Islamic republic under the Ayatollah Khomeini 1979: Iranian revolutionaries seized the US Embassy in Tehran Took 66 American hostages and held them for 444 days 1980: Iraq attacked Iran because of border disputes and because Iran’s government calls for revolution Iraq used chemical weapons against Tran and Kurdish troops who supported Iran

Saddam Hussein Captured and hanged 30 December 2006 Economic sanctions fail to end Iraqi occupation of Kuwait Operation Desert Storm

The Holy Prophet said: ‘The best of you is he who is the best to his wife.’