The Anthropology of Magic, Witchcraft, and Religion Shamanism

Shamanism & The Modern World a growing interest in traditional cultures and their practices “shamanic tourism” “neoshamanism” or core shamanism

The Modern Interest in Shamanism Reflects the needs and desires of those people who are interested in shamanism Based upon anthropological research Posits a universal aspect to shamanism

types of cult institutions 1.individualistic 2.shamanic 3.communal 4.ecclesiastical 1.Olympian 2.monotheistic

individualistic cult institutions not performed by specialists each person enters into his or her own relationship with supernatural entities requires no intermediaries examples: vision quests hunting magic “luck” “children’s cult

shamanic cult institutions involve part-time practitioners involves simplest expression of religious division of labor examples: shamans proper diviners medicine men palm readers astrologers

The “Earliest” Religion?

Universal Human Needs and “Cultural Institutions” obtaining food  hunter  gatherer  farmer passing on culture  parent  teacher securing shelter  explorer  builder procuring goods  producer  trader  merchant

What is a Shaman? saman – an Evenk (Tungus) word meaning one who is excited, moved, raised” in the strict sense, a Siberian or Mongolian spiritual practitioner

Anthropological Understanding of Shamanism not a single, monolithic religion a cross-cultural form of spiritual practice, typically serving the needs of the shaman’s society a cultural universal

Core Functions of Shamanism maintain and restore health within the group maintain and restore balance between the group and the rest of the universe provide humans with a sense of control over the world

Why “Control”? the natural and cultural worlds exist prior to our birth we must develop relationships with these preexisting worlds most of these relationships are learned from others

Shamans Address the Human Needs to secure food heal disease cope with death comprehend the universe

Securing Food locating game ensuring continuity of animals maintaining harmony with the animal world

Healing Disease diagnosing causes determining treatments combating spirits retrieving souls

Coping with Death explaining causes of death guiding the soul into the afterlife freeing the soul from attachment to the living

Comprehending the Universe explaining the cosmos cosmology mythology exploring the cosmos divination

Becoming a Shaman shamanic call study and initiation learning to journey death of the old person, and rebirth as a new person

Learning Culture → Enculturation (acquire a group’s concepts and values) primarily via language and observation usually takes place in a “normal” (consensual) state of consciousness overlays concepts and values upon experience results in shared concepts and values → tradition

Shamanic Training often acquired from an established shaman primarily via language and observation usually takes place in consensual reality posits – and provides for experience – of extraordinary realities → essentially traditional

The Shamanic Journey leave ordinary reality to travel to extraordinary realities drumming dancing plants chanting return with knowledge

fromto Normal Reality with →←→← Extraordinary Realities questions→←→← for Answers but… what about the journey itself? Shamanic Journey

Shamanic States of Consciousness are culturally defined are repeatedly encountered expand the cultural world view to encompass extraordinary realities affirmation cultural tradition

The Shaman’s Answers are obtained in multiple realities  realities defined by culture  reflect learned models  culturally conservative are obtained by transcending realities  suspend cultural realities  break down learned models  culturally innovative

Shamanism represents a methodology to acquire answers that will maintain tradition conservative effect entails a possibility for generating answers that go beyond tradition innovative effect

Shamans Teach Us that there are multiple realities that the mythic is real to serve others to maintain harmony with the universe that the quest has both personal and social dimensions

So You Want to be a Shaman be prepared to “die” be willing to serve others be open to experiences that most people do not want to face