Magnetism and Electricity Possible read aloud: the city of Ember

Quick Write: Write about how you use electricity in your home.

Were you surprised by any of the objects you tested? Look at your lists. Is there anything you notice that is the same about all the things listed in the column for the things that stick? Are there any metals in the things that don’t stick column? What do you think is different about the metal items in the 1st column compared to the 2nd?

There is only one common kind of metal that magnets stick to-iron There is only one common kind of metal that magnets stick to-iron. Sometimes it’s mixed with other metals to make steel.

Quick Write Can you think of a general rule about what magnets stick to? What about the “rock” that stuck? (It is magnetite, which is rich in iron!)

Magnet Properties What made you sure these objects were iron or steel? Which objects you tested in the room surprised you? Were there any objects you thought might be iron, but were not? Did you find any steel that was hidden by paint or something else? How do you know?

Magnet Properties How do magnets and iron objects work together? Can the force of magnetism go through materials? Did you discover: Some steel objects seem to become temporary magnets when they are touching a magnet. Magnets can attract a piece of steel right through a piece of paper or plastic.

Magnet Properties Does an object have to touch a magnet to become a temporary magnet? Can magnets attract steel through all kinds of materials? Can a magnet attract a paper clip through a thin sheet of metal like copper or aluminum? Can a magnet attract a paper clip through a large, thin sheet of steel, like the side of a cabinet? Did you discover? Magnetic force acts through all the objects, except those with a large surface area made of iron. And when the distance or thickness of an object is great, the force may not be strong enough.

(You could draw a picture!) Quick Write Is the force of magnetism stopped by any materials? How do you know? (You could draw a picture!)

Breaking the Force How can the strength of the force of attraction between two magnets be measured? From earlier observations, we thought that the force of attraction didn’t work if the magnets were too far apart. How could we be sure that observation is true?

How many washers will break the force? Group Washers Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6

How many washers will break the force? Why do we have different results?

Technique Does it make a difference where you place the washers in the balance? Does it make a difference how you can place the washers in the balance? Does it make a difference if you drop the washers on the balance? Lets decide on how we are all going to do this now so we can collect data that is the same.

How many washers will break the force? Group Washers Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Remember our norms for putting washers in: •

Breaking the Force How many washers did it take to break the force with 1 spacer? How many spacers were used when it took about 4 washers to break the force? How can you use a graph to predict? So: What happens to the force when you put spacers between 2 magnets? As spacers (distance) increases, the force of attraction decreases!

REVIEW Magnets stick only to i____. Two magnets can a_____ or r______. A force is a p_____ or a p____. The magnetic f______ acts through space and most materials. The magnetic force of attraction between two magnets d________ with distance. The greater the distance between the two magnets, the w______ the force of attraction.

Detecting Magnets What role did iron play in each kind of magnet detector? Why do you think the filings work like they did? Do you think the compass has iron in it, why? How did the compass help you locate the magnet in the box? Quick Write: What was the best detector? Why?

Lighting a Bulb Anything that uses electricity to do something is an electricity receiver. The light bulb produces light when it receives electricity as it flows through the whole circuit. Vocab to introduce: source, reciever

Lighting a Bulb The pathway though which the electricity flows from the D-cell to the light and back to the cell is a circuit. “Circuit” sounds like circle and has a similar meaning. The circuit must form a complete circle from one end of the D-cell back to the end of the D-cell for the electricity to flow. We call the individual items in the circuit the components. Vocab to introduce: Circuit, source, receiver, components

Lighting the Bulb The current flows from the negative end of the battery (flat end), through the circuit, and to the positive end (end with bump). Vocabulary: current

Now try with just ONE wire! Lighting the Bulb Now try with just ONE wire!

Lighting the Bulb

Review You can’t see electricity. How do you know when it is flowing in a bulb circuit? How many wires connect to the battery, and where do they connect to make a complete circuit? How did you get the bulb to light with only 1 wire? The part of the bulb that makes light is the filament. When electricity goes through it, it gets so hot that it gives off light.

Quick Write What components are needed to make a complete circuit?

Conductors and Insulators An object like the steel nail, which makes a closed circuit and lets the electricity flow, is called a conductor. An object like the plastic straw, which cannot close a circuit- one that does not let the electricity flow- is called a nonconductor, or insulator So: Electricity flows though conductors, not insulators.

Quick Write Why is it helpful to know whether an object is a conductor or an insulator?

Advanced Connections How can we get 2 bulbs to light at the same time? Need: 1 circuit base, 1 D-cell, 1 switch, 3 short wires, 2 bulbs in holders When 2 bulbs are connected in one big circuit, so that the electric current has to go through all the components one at a time, that is a series circuit.

Why are the lights dim? How can we make 2 bulbs bright? May use: another D cell, cell holder, and wire

Parallel Circuits Last time we lit 2 bulbs with 1 battery, but they were dim. We learned: A circuit with 1 path is a series circuit. Components in a series “share” the electric energy. D-cells must point in the same direction to work.

How can we light 2 bulbs brightly with just 1 battery? You may use: 1 D-cell, 1 cell holder, 2 bulbs, 2 long wires, 4 short wires So: Whenever a circuit splits and goes to two or more components, that is a parallel circuit. The bulbs are said to be in parallel.

More complex Circuits What could you do with a switch? What could you do with another cell? Other ideas to try: In a circuit with 2 bulbs in parallel, where would you put a switch to turn one bulb off? Where would you put the switch to turn both bulbs off? If you are using Design A, what do you do to add a 3rd bulb? Would another D-cell affect the brightness of 2 bulbs connected in parallel? How many bulbs in parallel can one D-cell light?

Electromagnet I am thinking about a big old junkyard crane that I once saw. The crane used a big magnet to lift cars and put them on train cars. The crane operator could turn the magnet on and off! Can you make a miniature junkyard crane that turns on and off? Electromagnetic Crane

How can we make the best electromagnet so we can compare results? An electromagnet is a piece of iron with insulated wire wrapped around it. While electric current is flowing through the wire, the piece of steel becomes a temporary magnet. How can we make the best electromagnet so we can compare results? Use the same number of winds Pick up washers with the head of the rivet Count the washers lifted to determine the strength of the magnet

Quick Write How can you make a magnet that turns on and off? How else can you change the strength of an electro magnet? Change the number of winds Add another D cell Use thicker wire

Electromagnet Does it matter how tight the coils are? What would happen if you wound half the coils one way and half the other way? What would happen if you added a D-cell? What would happen if you made it a parallel circuit? What would happen if you used thicker or thinner wires?

The Telegraph In the summer of 1860, if you had the money, you could send a message from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California in 10 days. That’s how long it took a good rider and a fast horse to cover the distance. To keep the message moving at this rapid pace, several riders and over 1000 horses were used. This was the Pony Express, the fastest way to communicate across the 1800 miles of the western frontier. However, it lasted only 18 months. In 1861 the telegraph crossing the country was completed, and the Pony Express faded into history. The telegraph story starts in 1844, when Samuel Morse sent the first message by telegraph from Baltimore, Maryland to Washington, D.C.. People couldn’t actually hear each other talk on the telegraph, as you can when you use a telephone. The telegraph made clicks at the receiving end each time the key (switch) was pressed at the sending end. Morse developed a code that lets people make letters of the alphabet out of patterns of clicks and pauses. In this way words were sent from city to city. In it’s day the telegraph was the most important tool for rapid communication. It wasn’t until the invention of the telephone in 1876 that the telegraph began to decline in importance.

Can you explain how the telegraph works? What were some of the problems you encountered in telegraph communication, and how might you improve this system?