Early camera-less device pioneers were learning about concepts and principles fundamental to motion and animation Early optical devices started as scientific investigations but then found use in entertainment Let’s look at some of these devices Thaumatrope Zoetrope Praxinoscope Pixar example of camera less device

Project 1 is a digital “flipbook” We will use Adobe Flash to help us create the animation Each frame of the film will be hand drawn What are the advantages of hand drawing every frame? With hand drawn animation, every drawing must be correctly aligned with the one before. Traditional animators used pegs on their drawing tables that lined up with holes on their paper. This kept all the images with the proper registration. Flash will keep all of our images with proper registration In film, the camera projects 24 frames of the film per second. This is called the Frame Rate. In Flash we can adjust the frame rate to be faster or slower than 24 frames per second. We will use the NTSC frame rate of 30 frames per second. This means for every second of animation seen you need to draw 30 individual frames of animation.NTSC

What are the advantages of hand drawing every frame? greater chance for individual style easier to plan timing easier to plan spacing easier to make changes easier to move order of images

Adobe Flash creates lines, shapes, and fills made from vectors Vectors provide an advantage over BitMap (individual, rectangular, colored pixels like photoshop) because the art work can be scaled up without distortion to the line quality. The lines are mathematically calculated start and end points, independent of resolution, and provides quicker download times

Theatre Optique Émile Reynaud Émile Reynaud (December 8, 1844 – January 9, 1918) French scientist and teacher Invented the Praxinoscope translated “Action viewer”, 1877Praxinoscope Idea based on the Zoetrope but replaced the eye slits in the side with an inner mirror. Theater Optique, Theater Optique, 1892 The first public motion picture house Used 500 hand painted gelatin slides used a complex arrangement of mirrors to project images onto a screen allowed for back grounds showed films to over 500,000 people 10 year period Predated the Lumier Brother’s film camera projection by three years

Screenings Theater Optique, short film documentary about Emile Reynaud and his Theater Optique Humorous Phases of Funny Faces, 1906 by J. Stuart Blackton ( ) frame by frame animation stop motion cutout animation considered the first animated film Fantasmagorie, 1908 by Emile Cohl, ( ) considered the first fully animated cartoon