1. Visual Narrative Week 13

2. Animation principles Animation is produced by exploiting an optical illusion Persistence of vision - around 23 frames per second Early techniques: –‘bird in cage’ (old!) –Zoetrope (1800s) Animation is produced by exploiting an optical illusion Persistence of vision - around 23 frames per second Early techniques: –‘bird in cage’ (old!) –Zoetrope (1800s)

3. Early animation Early 1900s –Emile Cohl Fantasmogorie (1908) –Winsor McCay Hand drawn Frame-by frame McCay’s Gertie the Trained Dinosaur is a classic example Early 1900s –Emile Cohl Fantasmogorie (1908) –Winsor McCay Hand drawn Frame-by frame McCay’s Gertie the Trained Dinosaur is a classic example

5. Evolution of animation Animation as spectacle Striving for realism: cel animation (late 1910s, early 20s) –Introduction of animation devices Industrialisation (1920s) –Factory-style production –Division of labour National industries… Animation as spectacle Striving for realism: cel animation (late 1910s, early 20s) –Introduction of animation devices Industrialisation (1920s) –Factory-style production –Division of labour National industries…

6. International animation United states –Dominated (commercial) industry European –Darker, more political, avant-garde Australia –Early innovation stymied by industry Japan –Post-war boom –Embraced US model United states –Dominated (commercial) industry European –Darker, more political, avant-garde Australia –Early innovation stymied by industry Japan –Post-war boom –Embraced US model

7. Basic principles Basic principles: –Image change –Registration points –Timing Ways of constructing include: –Drawing –Pixillation –Time-lapse –Stop-frame Basic principles: –Image change –Registration points –Timing Ways of constructing include: –Drawing –Pixillation –Time-lapse –Stop-frame

8. Techniques Silhouettes Puppetry Cut-outs Drawing onto film (scratching) Rotoscoping Others… Silhouettes Puppetry Cut-outs Drawing onto film (scratching) Rotoscoping Others…