5.5 C LASSIFICATION IB SL Biology I

W HY C LASSIFY ? Taxonomy - the science and practice of classification Humans have developed classification systems in order to make sense of the abundant biological diversity that exists in nature. Classification was attempted by looking at as many visible characteristics as possible. As new molecular methods are introduced, significant changes have been made to classification.

B IOLOGICAL C LASSIFICATION S YSTEM Hierarchical Larger groups are more general and smaller groups are more specific. For example, the phylum Chordata includes both lions and lionfish, but the genus Panthera includes only lions. Phylogenetic It is meant to reflect the evolutionary interrelatedness among groups. The grey wolf and the dog both are placed in the genus Canis because of their close evolutionary relationship. Chordat a Panthera

C ARL LINNAEUS Swedish biologist Introduced the binomial system of nomenclature Named many plants and animals using it

B INOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Binomial nomenclature – system of naming species using two words Genus –group of species that share certain characteristics First word in naming Begins with a CAPITAL letter Species name – second word Begins with a lowercase letter Eg. Linnaea borealis Always italicized (or underlined if hand written) Once used once, can abbreviate to L. borealis

S EVEN LEVELS OF HIERARCHY OF TAXA Taxon – in Greek means “group” Kingdom – general, largest, share features Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species - most specific, smallest Acronym - K ing P hilip C ame O ver F rom G reat S pain

E XAMPLES TaxonGrey WolfDate palm KingdomAnimaliaPlantae PhylumChordataAngiospermophyta ClassMammaliaMonocotyledoneae OrderCarnivoraPalmales FamilyCanidaeArecacae Genus CanisPhoenix Species lupusdactylifera

D ICHOTOMOUS KEY Method of identifying an organism Numbered series of pairs of descriptors One matches the species, the other is clearly wrong Each pair leads to another pair of descriptors OR to an identification Features chosen for descriptors should be easily visible

D ICHOTOMOUS KEY EXAMPLE

D ESIGN A D ICHOTOMOUS K EY

H OMEWORK Shark Dichotomous Key KPCOFGS explained for one species

A CTIVITY : O WL P ELLET L AB Read Owl Pellet Lab Handout Background Activity 1 Complete Activity 1 with lab partner

DAY 2: CLASSIFYING PLANTS AND ANIMALS IB SL 1 BIOLOGY

C LASSIFICATION OF P LANTS PhylaRoots/Leaves/ Stems Max. Height Reproduction Bryophytes Eg. Moss, liverworts No roots/stem Small leaves “Furry” 50 cmSpores released from capsule Filicinophyta Eg. Ferns Roots Leaves in sections Short stems No wood 15 mSpores produced in sporangia Coniferophyta Eg. Conifers Roots/Stem Pine needle leaves Woody trees 150 mProduce seeds in cones Angiospermophyta Eg. Flowering plants Roots Stems Leaves Flowers 100 mProduce seeds in fruits Pg 202 Q 1

C LASSIFICATION OF A NIMALS PhylaSymmetryMouth/ Anus SegmentationOther Porifera Eg. Sponges None No shape, no organs, pores Filter feeder Cnidaria Eg. Jellyfish, coral RadialMouthNoneTentacles with stinging cells Platyhelminthes Eg. Flatworm BilateralMouthNoneFlat, ribbon shape Annelida Eg. Segmented worms, leeches BilateralBothYesBristles, visible blood vessels Mollusca Eg. Snails, squids BilateralBothNot visibleMany have shells Arthropoda Eg. Crabs, spiders, centipedes, insects BilateralBothYesHard exoskeleton (chitin), jointed appendages

M ATCHING A CTIVITY

C LASSIFICATION OF HUMANS Controversial Read pg 18 Critical consideration: race and racism Q1-3 Common Name: Human Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primata Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Homo sapiens

P RACTICE DBQ

Compare the change in the buzzard population to the change in the grey partridges population. (2)

H OMEWORK Pg 202