Classification of Organisms Pre AP Biology Spring ‘13

Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying living organisms. Carl Linnaeus – 1750s begin to name organisms using 2 Latin words. This is called binomial nomenclature.

We still use that system today and the two names are called the scientific name. Many organisms also have a common name, but some such as e.coli are only known by their scientific names.

Why we use scientific names Scientific names are very specific. –There is more than one common name for some organisms (roach, cockroach, water bug) –Some common names refer to more than one species (fly, bass, deer) Scientific names are the same in every language

Scientific Names The rules: –Must be in Latin (or “Latinized”) –Must be underlined if handwritten and in italics if word-processed (like the title of a book) –First name must be capitalized and second name must be lower-case

Examples Common name : dog Scienitific name: Canis familiaris (or Canis familiaris) First name is the genus (pl. genera), or group to which the animal belongs. Second name is more specific and is the species.

Species Similar in appearance Breed in natural environment Can produce healthy fertile offspring

Examples Common name : wolf Scienitific name: Canis lupus Wolves belong to the genus Canis (same as domesticated dogs) Wolves belong to a different species (lupus) than dogs (familiaris)

Examples Common name : tiger –Scientific name: Panthera tigris –Genus: PantheraSpecies: tigris Common name: lion –Scientific name: Panthera leo –Genus: PantheraSpecies: leo Common name: cat –Scientific name: Felis domestica –Genus: FelisSpecies: domestica

Some organisms we already call by its scientific name Scientific Name: Tyrannasaurus rex OR Tyrannasaurus rex

Others we use a common name: Bluebonnet Scientific Name: Lupinus texensis OR Lupinus texensis

Others we use a common name: sparrow Scientific Name: Passer domesticus OR Passer domesticus

Hierarchy of classification Organisms are grouped together much like mail is delivered…from most inclusive to most specific: –Most inclusive: Country State City Zip Street address individual –most specific

Domains Most inclusive division is called a Domain –There are only 3 of these: eukary, bacteria and archea –All organisms fall into one of these three catagories. Two of them are prokaryotic and one is eukaryotic. We’re eukarya

Kingdom and Phyla Domains are divided into Kingdoms –There are 4 kingdoms within Eukary: Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals; we’re animals Kingdoms are divided into Phyla (sing: Phylum) –We belong to phylum Chordata (had a nerve cord)

Class and Order Phyla are divided into Classes –We’re in the class mammalia (has hair, carries offspring in womb, feeds offspring milk) Classes are divided into Orders –Were in the order primates

Family Genus and Species Orders are divided into Families –We’re in the family Hominidae (includes great apes chimpanzee, gorilla and orangatang) Families are divided into Genera (sing. Genus) –We’re in the genus Homo (all others in the genus are extinct but include Homo erectus (walked upright) and Homo habilitus (made tools) Genera are divided into Species –We’re in the species sapien

Example: Honeybee Domain: Eukary Kingdom: Animal Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenopera Family: Apidae Genus: Apis Species: melllifera

You need to know the levels in order: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Use a sentence to help you remember the order: –Ex: Does King Philip Come Over For Green Spinach?

The Domains and Kingdoms DomainKingdomNumber of cells Type of cell nutritionMovementexample BacteriaEu- baceria Archea Archea- bacteria EukaryProtist Fungi Plant Animal

The Domains and Kingdoms DomainKingdom Number of cells Type of cell NutritionMovemen t example BacteriaEu- baceria Archea Archea- bacteria EukaryProtist Fungi Plant Animal

The Domains and Kingdoms DomainKingdom Number of cells Type of cell nutritionMovementexample BacteriaEu- baceria Archea Archea- bacteria EukaryProtist Fungi Plant Animal

The Domains and Kingdoms DomainKingdom Number of cellsType of cell nutrition Mov e mentexample BacteriaEu- baceria Archea Archea- bacteria EukaryProtist Fungi Plant Animal

The Domains and Kingdoms DomainKingdom Number of cellsType of cellnutrition Movement example BacteriaEu- baceria Archea Archea- bacteria EukaryProtist Fungi Plant Animal

The Domains and Kingdoms DomainKingdom Number of cellsType of cellnutritionMovement example BacteriaEu- baceria Archea Archea- bacteria EukaryProtist Fungi Plant Animal