Pollen grains are produced by male reproductive structures. female reproductive structures. ovules. flowers. 1 2 3 4 5

If a plant’s gametophyte is conspicuous, the plant is NOT a bryophyte. seed plant. spore-bearing vascular plant. nonvascular plant. 1 2 3 4 5

In angiosperms, reproduction takes place in leaves. flowers. cones. pollen. 1 2 3 4 5

The carpels of some flowers are composed of several fused petals. anthers. sepals. 1 2 3 4 5

The sterile leaves of a flower are the carpel and stamens. filaments and anthers. stigma and style. sepals and petals. 1 2 3 4 5

Three generations of a gymnosperm’s life cycle are represented in a seed. pollen grain. pollen cone. cone scale. 1 2 3 4 5

A sticky secretion on the scales of seed cones traps sporophytes. pollen cones. pollen grains. egg cells. 1 2 3 4 5

A pollen grain landing near an ovule produces a gametophyte. pollen tube. flower. stamen. 1 2 3 4 5

The pollen tube of a gymnosperm contains one haploid sperm nucleus. two haploid sperm nuclei. three haploid sperm nuclei. four haploid sperm nuclei. 1 2 3 4 5

In an angiosperm, pollen grains are produced in the stigma. filament. carpel. anther. 1 2 3 4 5

In angiosperms, the nucleus of each pollen grain undergoes one meiotic division. two meiotic divisions. one mitotic division. two mitotic divisions. 1 2 3 4 5

How many nuclei are contained within an angiosperm embryo sac? two four six eight 1 2 3 4 5

The tough outer layer of a seed is called the seed coat. fruit. nut. embryo wall. 1 2 3 4 5

An angiosperm seed coat is formed from toughened parts of the ovule. fruit. ovary. petals. 1 2 3 4 5

the ovary wall and flower stem. two modified leaves. The light, winged structure that contains a maple seed at its center forms from the ovary wall and flower stem. two modified leaves. an outgrowth of the seed coat. the cotyledons. 1 2 3 4 5

A ripened ovary that contains angiosperm seeds is called a(an) embryo. seed. fruit. vegetable. 1 2 3 4 5

Which of the following is true of all fruits? All fruits contain seeds. All fruits are sweet. All fruits are edible. All fruits are formed from the ovule. 1 2 3 4 5

What fruit-eating animal likely would ensure the widest dispersal of a plant’s seeds? a rat a raccoon a bird a squirrel 1 2 3 4 5

A B both A and B neither A nor B The seed type shown in Figure 24–1 that is generally dispersed by animals is(are) A B both A and B neither A nor B 1 2 3 4 5

A seed that is dispersed to an area far away from the parent plant might face less alternation. pollination. germination. competition. 1 2 3 4 5

In a coconut, the “milk” is actually the seed coat. the ovary. the fruit. the endosperm. 1 2 3 4 5

Seeds that are dispersed by wind and water typically are lightweight. large. nutritious. sweet and fleshy. 1 2 3 4 5

Seeds dispersed by animals typically are contained in fleshy, nutritious fruits. unripened ovaries. thin coatings that are easily digested. lightweight structures. 1 2 3 4 5

An example in which the entire aboveground part of the plant acts as a seed delivery system is the tumbleweed. oak. ash. coconut tree. 1 2 3 4 5

Seeds of temperate plants tend to germinate in winter. spring. summer. fall. 1 2 3 4 5

A period during which the embryo of a seed is alive but not growing is fruit production. seed production. germination. dormancy. 1 2 3 4 5

A period of dormancy can allow seeds to germinate under poor conditions. under ideal conditions. in extreme temperatures. without water. 1 2 3 4 5

The early growth stage of a plant embryo is called fertilization. dormancy. germination. pollination. 1 2 3 4 5

What is true of the seed coat during germination? It must crack open. It cannot be damaged if germination is to occur. It dissolves in water. It is absorbed by the growing plant. 1 2 3 4 5

During germination of most monocots, the single cotyledon emerges aboveground and protects the first foliage leaves. forms the growing shoot. remains within the seed. remains underground. 1 2 3 4 5

Some plants reproduce vegetatively by producing plantlets. seeds. flowers. pollen. 1 2 3 4 5

When a plant reproduces vegetatively, its offspring are genetically different. are genetically identical. remain dormant until the spring. grow from seeds. 1 2 3 4 5

Compared to the life cycle of a pine tree, vegetative reproduction of a plant such as an angiosperm is more rapid. much slower. the same length—one growing season. the same length—two growing seasons. 1 2 3 4 5

A parent plant and its plantlets are not similar. are genetically identical. develop inside protective structures. must always remain attached. 1 2 3 4 5

The horizontal stems of the strawberry plant shown in Figure 24–2 are called scions. stolons. buds. plantlets. 1 2 3 4 5

What could you conclude about two naturally occurring clusters, several feet apart, of a plant such as bamboo? They are genetically different plants. They are different, though genetically identical, plants. They might be parts of the same plant. They are parts of the same plant. 1 2 3 4 5

Grafting produces a single plant with two genotypes. a single plant with one genotype. two plants with different genotypes. two plants with identical genotypes. 1 2 3 4 5

What would be the best method of propagating woody plants that do not produce strong root systems? using cuttings grafting or budding planting seeds hand pollination 1 2 3 4 5

Grafting usually works best when plants are growing. germinating. dormant. pollinating. 1 2 3 4 5

Which two methods of plant propagation are most similar? planting seeds and rooting cuttings rooting cuttings and grafting rooting cuttings and budding grafting and budding 1 2 3 4 5

In grafting, the cut stem that is attached to the parent plant is called the vascular cambium. stock. scion. cutting. 1 2 3 4 5

For a graft to be successful, what part of the two plants must be firmly connected? bark roots vascular cambiums stolons 1 2 3 4 5

Most people in the world depend on food crops such as sugar beets, cabbage, and broccoli. strawberries, chilies, and avocados. wheat, rice, and corn. apples, grapes, and strawberries. 1 2 3 4 5

Corn, sugar beets, broccoli, and cabbage were all developed by plant propagation. germination. pollination. selective breeding. 1 2 3 4 5

Which of the following statements about crop plants is NOT true? Crop plants have been improved through selective breeding. In many crop plants, the endosperm is our primary food source. Yields of crop plants in North America have decreased over time. Most cropland in the United States is used to grow only a few different crop plants. 1 2 3 4 5

In gymnosperms, gametophytes are hidden in cones True False 1 2 3 4 5

Pollen cones are also called female cones. _________________________ True False 1 2 3 4 5

When you look at a mature gymnosperm or angiosperm, you see the more conspicuous gametophyte. _________________________ True False 1 2 3 4 5

In gymnosperms and angiosperms, the pollen grains produce pollen tubes True False 1 2 3 4 5

A fruit always contains one or more seeds. _________________________ True False 1 2 3 4 5

In seed plants, parts of the ovule toughen to form a fruit, which protects the delicate embryo and its food supply. _________________________ True False 1 2 3 4 5

Fruit is an adaptation that helps ensure pollination True False 1 2 3 4 5

Seeds that are dispersed by animals are typically contained in light, aerodynamic fruits. _________________________ True False 1 2 3 4 5

Some seeds go through a period of dormancy, during which they do not germinate. _________________________ True False 1 2 3 4 5

Dormancy can allow a seed to germinate under ideal growth conditions True False 1 2 3 4 5

Immediate germination often serves to increase the area over which seeds are dispersed. _________________________ True False 1 2 3 4 5

If they fall to the ground and root, the leaves of a parent plant can produce new plants. _________________________ True False 1 2 3 4 5

Horticulturists use hand pollination to make many identical copies of a plant. ______________________________ True False 1 2 3 4 5

A plant cutting used for propagation should have one or more buds containing meristematic tissue. _________________________ True False 1 2 3 4 5

A grain cultivated as a food crop likely would have seeds with a large proportion of seed coat. _________________________ True False 1 2 3 4 5

Participant Scores Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Participant 4 Participant 5

In a flower’s stamen, the filament is topped by a(an) ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Two ovules lie at the base of each scale on a ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

A sperm nucleus moves toward a flower’s ovary through a long passageway called a pollen ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

If an egg cell is fertilized by a sperm nucleus, a ____________________ is produced. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Any seed enclosed within its embryo wall is properly referred to as a ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

A fruit is a ripened ____________________ that contains angiosperm seeds. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Many lightweight seeds are dispersed by wind or ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

A coconut is a very large ____________________ that contains a milky endosperm layer. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

A seed that is dispersed a far distance away from the parent plant may be more successful because it faces less ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Extreme environmental conditions such as heat and cold may affect the timing of ____________________, ending seed dormancy. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Figure 24–2

In the strawberry plant shown in Figure 24–2, new plants are growing on structures called _________________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

In a plant species that reproduces by the production of horizontal stems or _________________________, it may be difficult to differentiate the parent plant from the offspring plant lying some distance away. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

The major crop plants in the world today are wheat, rice, and ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Figure 24–3

Figure 24–3 shows that, from 1970 to 2000, the annual yield of corn in the United States fluctuated up and down. The overall trend, however, is that corn yield has ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Two types of chemicals that have increased crop yields are pesticides and ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Name the four types of specialized leaves in a flower. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

What is the function of a pollination drop? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Name the process in which one sperm nucleus of an angiosperm fuses with an egg nucleus and the other sperm nucleus fuses with two other nuclei in the embryo sac. What two cells does this process produce? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

What is the typical method of pollen dispersal for gymnosperms What is the typical method of pollen dispersal for gymnosperms? For angiosperms? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

How can you tell by looking at a fruit how the seeds it contains are dispersed? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Figure 24–1

Of the seeds shown in Figure 24–1, which is more typically dispersed by wind? How can you tell? 3 4 5 0 of 5

Name two environmental factors that can end a seed’s dormancy. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

What role does water play in the germination of a seed? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

How does a plantlet become a new plant? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Name three ways that new plants are produced by vegetative reproduction. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Why do horticulturists use plant propagation? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

How might a horticulturist make exact copies of a plant? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

If you were planning to graft two plants, what aspect of their growing conditions should you consider, and why? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Figure 24–3

According to Figure 24–3, what happened to overall yield of corn in the United States from 1970 to 2000? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

How did the advent of agriculture influence human migration patterns? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

What does the term alternation of generations refer to What does the term alternation of generations refer to? Where are these two generations in seed plants? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

How is the evolution of attractive traits such as bright colors and sweet nectar in angiosperms related to the dominance of angiosperms over gymnosperms? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Describe the formation of a fruit in an angiosperm. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

What is the adaptive value to a plant of producing a large, sweet fruit? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Explain how a forest fire can affect the germination of certain pine seeds and the recovery of the forest from a fire. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

The seeds of some plants can remain dormant for many years, germinating only when conditions are favorable. Why might a long period of dormancy be an advantage to a plant that lives in a harsh environment? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

What advantage does vegetative reproduction offer a horticulturist who is growing large numbers of a specific variety of plant for commercial sales? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Describe grafting and budding, and explain why these methods of propagation are used. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

What do budding and reproduction using cuttings have in common, and what limits the usefulness of each? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5

Describe two important ways in which agricultural efficiency has been improved. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5