Emergence and Reemergence of Infectious Diseases Milton Friend Emeritus Scientist U.S. Department of Interior U.S. Geological Survey

“During the last 150 years the Western world has virtually eliminated death due to infectious disease.” (U.S. Surgeon General, 1975)

“…it is time to ‘close the book on infectious diseases’.” (U.S. Surgeon General, 1967)

Time Magazine

Number of People Worldwide with HIV/AIDS in 2002 Men38.8 million Women19.6 million Children <15 yrs 3.2 million Total42.0 million U.S. AIDS-related mortalities (CDC data through 2001) 467,910

Disease Emergence multi-pronged assault on humans by infectious disease exotic diseases novel diseases ‘resurgence’ expanded distribution

“diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man.” (World Health Organization, 1959) Zoonoses =

Disease Year of Emergence Wildlife Hosts Monkeypox2003Prairie Dog SARS2003Civet Cat West Nile Virus1999Birds Hantavirus1993Small Rodents AIDS1981Nonhuman Primates Lyme Disease1975Small Rodents Notable Emerging Diseases with Wildlife Origins

Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife Birds Mammals – terrestrial and marine Reptiles and Amphibians Fish – shellfish and finfish Corals n=~190

West Nile Virus – Surveillance Activities

West Nile Virus – Necropsy Activities

2000 West Nile Virus Outbreak Timeline MayJunJulAugSepOct First Positive Wild Bird First Positive Mosquitoes Onset of First Human Case Onset of First Horse Case First Positive Sentinel Chicken

West Nile Virus – Mapping Wild Bird Surveillance Human Cases

A Potential Wildlife Disease Surveillance Network

Specimens Submitted to NWHC (n=74,913) Dept. of Interior States University Others Other Federal

Hepatopathy (Mycotoxin?) Emerging Diseases Identified by NWHC Inclusion Body Disease Poxvirus Nestling Herpesvirus 1970s 1980s Pentobarbitol Poisoning Mycotoxin Trichothecine Woodcock Reovirus Eastern Equine Encephalitis Lake Andes Duck Plague

Hawaii Disease Biocomplexity Sea Otter Encephalitis Avian Myelinopathy Hepatopathy in Wisconsin Stunting, Humpback Chub Sea Turtle Retrovirus Rainbow Trout Enteritis Splenitis, Hepatitis in Brant Coral Coccidiosis, Tumors 1990s 2000s LT Duck Adenovirus Poisoning in Asian Vultures Newcastle Disease L. polyoon Enteritis Chytrid Fungus/ Ranavirus Emerging Diseases Identified by NWHC ???

1.9% ( %) n = % ( %) n = % (0-0.5%) n = % ( %) n = 1994 Model Disease Distribution in Wisconsin’s Eradication Zone Deer Processing Station

Specialized Biocontainment Facilities

Infectious Disease Investigations

Rabies

Wildlife Domestic Animal Human Translocation Human encroachment Ex situ contact Ecological manipulation Human behaviors Global travel Urbanization Biomedical manipulation Food processing/distribution Technology and Industry Agricultural Intensification Encroachment Introduction “Spill over” & “Spill back”

SARS has cost an estimated $50 – $100 billion Economic and Social Impacts Tourism $ $ $ $ $ Recreation Commerce Agriculture Human Health

ComponentPrimary Focus MonitoringDisease patterns, trends, and geographic distribution SurveillancePathogen presence and disease activity ReportingReal-time awareness and summaries Field ResponseDisease control activities Disease Ecology Disease maintenance, eruption and spread – finding the weak links Technology DevelopmentNew capabilities for disease detection, diagnosis and control Interagency CollaborationEfforts crossing areas of jurisdiction/agency responsibilities Training and EducationEnhancing societal awareness, addressing disease issues Components Required to Adequately Address Wildlife Disease

CharacteristicHumans Domestic Animals WIldlife SpeciesOneSeveralMany Species Biology & Ecology Well Known Highly Variable Disease Ecology*Well Known Poorly Known Disease ControlHigh Probability Limited Success ProfessionLong Standing Recent Origin Status of Knowledge for Disease Prevention and Control * for established diseases

Non- Governmental Organizations Department of Interior State Wildlife Agencies Tribal Governments General Public Other Federal Agencies Stewardship Network

Foundation for an Effective Wildlife Disease Capability Operational Resources Timely Response Scientific KnowledgeEarly Detection Rapid, accurate diagnosis $$$

“...emerging zoonotic diseases are among the most important public health threats facing humanity.” (Mahy and Brown, 2000)

“Pathogens that infect wildlife are twice as likely to become emerging diseases of humans as pathogens without wildlife hosts.” (Cleaveland et al., 2001)

Diseases in wildlife are often transmitted to humans USGS is well positioned to develop the type of wildlife disease program needed to best serve wildlife and human health Wildlife disease surveillance and monitoring are weak links in the protection of human health Wildlife are important to the national economy and natural heritage and can be impacted by disease USGS has increasingly been called upon to respond with its wildlife disease expertise to help combat emerging infectious diseases of humans, such as WNV and monkeypox.