1. Protecting Hawai’i and the Pacific from West Nile Virus Air Transport Issues Jeff Burgett, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Laurence Lau, Hawai’i Department of Health

2. A West Nile Virus Primer A bird disease, mosquitoes transmit it Native to Africa, Asia, parts of Europe Type from Israel appeared in New York in 1999, probably via commercial transport This strain kills birds, has wide range of bird hosts and mosquito vectors Humans, other mammals are incidental hosts to virus, can’t pass it on, but can get very ill or die.

3. West Nile Virus is Exploding Coast to coast in 4 years Estimated >800k human infections Epidemic has not yet peaked

4. West Nile Virus Basic Transmission Cycle Mosquito vector Bird reservoir hosts Incidental “dead end” hosts Virus

5. Why Be Concerned for Hawai’i and Pacific Islands? Have mosquitoes that can transmit WNV Abundant bird hosts (sparrows, mynahs, finches, etc) Tropical climate means year-round threat Once established, no eradication possible Hawai’i is hub of transport, could be source of WNV for entire region

6. Our Quality of Life at Risk In US, over 560 deaths, many more severe illnesses. Mosquito bites become potentially deadly. Visitor industry impacts Native birds decline, go extinct Costly mosquito control measures Much harder to control than Dengue

7. WNV Would Probably Cause Extinctions Our bird populations are small, not resistant Historically have been hit hard by malaria, pox Tests show high mortality rates of some species ‘Io Pop. 1400

8. Paths of Introduction and Prevention WNV could enter Hawaii through: Bird imports from mainland (high risk) Migratory birds (low risk?) Infected mosquitoes in air/sea cargo (high risk?)

9. Key Prevention Actions We have reduced the probability of an infected bird reaching Hawai’i –Postal Embargo –Quarantine most birds prior to shipment –Single entry point (HNL) Hope to reduce ability of disease cycle to start at ports of entry –Reduce mosquito densities around ports –Reduce bird numbers around ports

10. Key Prevention Actions Want to reduce probability of infected mosquito reaching Hawai’i –Data show mosquitoes stow away on aircraft. 80% of mosquitoes are in cargo spaces –Cargo holds are probably preferred due to long periods of open doors, animals as “bait” in holds. –Night loading attracts Culex to aircraft But...we have little leverage on mainland source airports

11. So What Does This Mean for Air Transportation Management? Pohnpei Airport

12. Airport-specific Issues 1 Safety mandate: extends to protecting workers and public health? Mosquitoes in aircraft pose risk of WNV introduction, hence “disinsection” is attractive Mosquitoes at airports pose risk to next destination Cooperative actions among government agencies are required to address problem

13. Disinsection Hawaii has authority to treat aircraft for disease vectors, but… –Which method: residual on walls, aerosol, combo? –Cost borne by carrier –Requires administration of system –May restrict scheduling flexibility –Legal issues with pesticides

14. Airport-specific Issues 2 Disinsection of aircraft –On-arrival treatment would increase gate time, may affect scheduling –Baggage/Cargo handling affected –Requires coordination with carrier, regulatory agency –Residual treatment requires aircraft tracking, recertification, notification…

15. Airport-specific Issues 3 Mosquitoes –Consider reducing ability of mosquitoes to move via aircraft by Loading cargo, passengers in daytime Reducing mosquitoes near airports –Reporting high mosquito conditions to receiving airports Requires monitoring of mosquitoes –Testing mosquitoes for WNV

16. Your Questions, Concerns?