THE RESTORATION THE AGE OF POPE THE AGE OF JOHNSON The Enlightenment ( )

Politics and Government Return of a Stuart king – Charles II (from exile in France) James II ( bro of Charles II) to throne in 1685 – openly favored Catholicism and alliances with Catholic European powers, expelled in 1688 in the “Glorious Revolution” (no bloodshed) Mary (James’ daughter) and William ( )

Anne (Mary’s sister) – childless ( ); crown could not pass to James Stuart, son of dead and exiled James II : Parliament had passed law saying monarch must be Protestant House of Hanover from Germany - George I, II, III( )

Rise in power of parliament Two party system Whigs – represented mercantile & financial interests, cities and towns, progressive interests; opposed any interference by monarchy; power consolidated by Robt. Walpole as Prime Minister (satirized by many writers: ex. Pope, Johnson, Swift, Fielding) Tories – represented country squires; favored older traditions

Life in 18 th Century Plague in London (1665) – Samuel Pepys diary Great Fire of London (1666) – rebuilt under direction of architect Christopher Wren London – urban sprawl, population 5.5 million

Few people could vote – some large towns had no representation in Parliament Political power centered in England Union Act of 1705 – created Great Britain Ireland treated as colony for economic gain

Royal Society estab. (1662) – scientists, philosophers, scholars Sir Issac Newton – math, astronomy William Harvey – blood circulation John Locke – Essays concerning Human Understanding Religion – dominated by Anglican Church Many great writers were dissenters: Pope, Dryden, Defoe, Blake Evangelical Movement – led by John and Charles Wesley, called for spiritual rebirth, ministered to working poor

Social Hierarchy Opposition to universal education – it would elevate humble people above their station England had only 2 universities (Oxford and Cambridge); Scotland had 4 Women – haphazard education, barred from univ. and all professions Clothing for rich – elaborate, often French design Men: powdered wigs, colored & satin trimmed coats & vests, silk stockings, buckled shoes Women: immense hairdos, enormous hoop skirts, delicate shoes, carried to social events in sedan chairs

Marriage – economic arrangement uniting families & estates Novels: Fielding’s Tom Jones & Richardson’s Clarissa depict matches parents forced on their daughters Coffee Houses - popular w/middle class; often met by professions (ex. writers, financiers, lawyers, etc. ) Creation of Post Office Taxes on newspapers Royal African Company (1672) – slave trade Bank of England estab.

The Arts Portraits – Reynolds, Gainsborough (Blue Boy) Caricatures and cartoons – *Addison and Steele’s newspapers “Georgian” style buildings Fine wood furniture – ex, Chippendale, Hepplewhite, Sheraton Garden and Landscape designs Music – from the Continent

Literature Theatres – reopened by Charles II, for the nobility & the rich, women had roles (Nell Gwynn) comedies of manner Lyric Poetry less popular Greater interest in problems of Society Writers dependent on patronage – paid by sinecures (gov’t, jobs), later book publishers and sellers Lending libraries (for a fee) Poetic style: mix of ornate diction & colloquialisms, popularity of couplets Prose style: closer to everyday speech

Important Writers John Bunyan – Pilgrim’s Progress (allegory) John Dryden – essayist and poet Samuel Pepys – diary of London fire *Daniel DeFoe – essayist Robinson Crusoe *Jonathan Swift – Gulliver’ s Travels, “A Modest Proposal” *Alexander Pope – satire, epigrams, “The Rape of the Lock” (mock heroic) Samuel Johnson - dictionary, biographies, essays Robert Burns – Scottish poet William Blake - poetry

Language Rules of grammar- there won’t be no double negatives!; to rudely split infinitives is wrong; the end of a sentence is not where a preposition goes at. Dictionary – 1721, Johnson’s dictionary Progressive form of verbs. I am explaining this right now. Use of “you” instead of “thou” except in poetry &religion Use of “who” and “which” instead of “that” Inclusion of many words fr. other languages – esp. French and German Many words still pronounced in several ways ex. food, blood, wood ex. heaven, seven, forgiven ex. obey & tea; name & stream Orthography – more standardized