1. The Restoration & The 18 th Century 1660-1800

2. Why is it called the Restoration? Charles II becomes king after 10 years of parliamentary rule under Oliver Cromwell All changes made under Cromwell are voided Return of the Anglican Church Return of aristocracy as “high point” of existence Return of religious persecution of all non- Anglicans

3. OTHER NAMES Enlightenment Age of Reason NeoClassical Period Augustan Age It was a return to ideals first presented by the ancient Greeks and Romans.

4. KEY EVENTS 1666 – Great London Fire 1685-1688 – Reign of James II tries to reestablish Catholic church 1688-1689 – Bloodless Revolution succession of Protestant rulers William & Mary 1695 – Penal Laws deprives Irish Catholics of rights 1707 – England, Wales & Scotland become Great Britain 1714 – George I becomes king, cannot speak English 1760 – George III becomes king, loses American colonies 1775 – American Revolution begins 1789 – French Revolution begins 1799 – Rosetta Stone discovered Napolean becomes emperor of France

5. SOCIETY RICH Lived lavishly Heavily ornamented clothing, rich fabrics Heavy makeup (men/women) High, fancily dressed wigs (men/women) High heels (men/women) Spent time attending parties, theatre, & balls Beginning of resort cities - Bath

6. Images of clothing from Restoration perios

7. Women’s clothing from Restoration period

8. Resort City of Bath

9. SOCIETY POOR Lived in dirty, overcrowded slums Poor sanitation Disease-ridden Spent much time in debtor’s prison Victims of alcoholism

10. Images of the poor

11. SCIENCE Sir Isaac Newton published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Robert Hooke contributed to astronomy, biology, physics & chemistry Lady Mary Wortley Montague introduces inoculations for smallpox Robert Boyle began modern study of chemistry

12. INVENTIONS Cheddar Cheese Gas streetlights Address Directory Lightning Rod

13. RELIGION Persecution of all non-Anglicans began mass immigration to other countries for religious freedom Deists new religious ideology believed the world was a giant, perfect mechanism, created by God, and then left to run on its own

14. LITERATURE - DRAMA Very popular amongst the upper class Females finally allowed on stage Comedy of Manners reflected life of the rich and leisure classes Heroic Dramas melodramatic plays, with exaggerated dialogue, emotional outbursts and stereotypical characters

15. PLAYWRIGHTS Moliere (French) The Misanthrope, The Imaginary Invalid Jean Racine (French) Andromaque Pierre Cornielle (French) Cid John Dryden All for Love William Wycherly The Country Wife William Congreve The Way of the World George Farquhar The Beaux Strategem

16. Wycherly Farquhar Dryden Racine Moliere Congreve Cornielle

17. LITERATURE - PROSE Writing became a science no more ornate metaphors, a la Shakespeare shorter sentences Essayists and journalists wrote for the middle- class addressed political matters wanted social reform established newspapers – The Tatler & The Spectator

18. WRITERS Samuel Pepys diary of English life Olaudah Equiano publishes his autobiography of his days as a slave Mary Wollstencraft publishes “Vindication of the Rights of Women” mother of Mary Shelley (Frankenstein) Samuel Johnson publishes first dictionary

19. Wollestonecraft EquianoJohnson Pepys

20. LITERATURE - POETRY Neoclassical appealed to intellect and reason witty, filled with classical allusions used to celebrate, mourn, or ridicule followed strict rules of form

21. POETS Alexander Pope also wrote satire & epigrams William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor Coleridge Phyllis Wheatley 1 st African-American female to be published

22. Coleridge Wheatley Wordsworth Pope

23. LITERATURE – SATIRE Ridicules human weakness, vice or folly in order to gain social reform

24. SATIRISTS Alexander Pope The Rape of the Lock Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels “A Modest Proposal” Voltaire Candide

25. LITERATURE - NOVEL Came into being in the 18 th century and were immediately popular told stories of the middle class gave a view of the emotions of the characters Epistolary Novels novel written in letter form

26. NOVELISTS Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe Aphra Behn first female novelist Oroonoko – anti-slavery novel