Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter Eight Controversy And Creativity

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter Eight: Objectives Understand Nature Of Controversy And Its Essential Role In Decision Making Understand Why Controversy Is Often Avoided Understand Outcomes Of Controversy Understand Process Of Controversy Understand Conditions Mediating Effectiveness Of Controversy Understand Minority Influence Understand How To Structure Controversies Understand How Controversy Relates To Citizenship Understand Nature Of Creative Problem Solving Understand How To Develop And Foster Creativity Understand Difference Between Open Vs Closed Belief Systems Understand Nature Of Brainstorming Refine Skills In Engaging In Controversies And Creative Problem Solving

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Difference Of Opinion Leads To Inquiry, And Inquiry Leads To Truth Thomas Jefferson

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Controversy And Decision Making Controversy: When One Person’s Ideas, Information, Conclusion, Theories, And Opinions Are Incompatible With Those Of Another, And The Two Seek To Reach An Agreement Deliberate Discourse: Discussion Of Advantages And Disadvantages Of Proposed Actions Debate: When Two Or More People Present The Best Case For Their Positions And A Judge Declares A Winner Concurrence Seeking: When Group Members Inhibit Discussion To Avoid Any Disagreement Individualistic Decision Making: When Individuals Independently Decide On A Course Of Action Without Talking To One Another

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Controversy Procedure Step Phrase Prepare Present Open Discussion Perspective Reversal Synthesis Our Best Case Is... The Answer Is... Because... I Disagree Because... You Should Agree With Me Because... Your Position Is...Because... Our Best Reasoned Judgment Is...

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Avoidance Of Controversy Fear That Engaging In A Controversy Will Create Divisiveness And Hostility Ignorance Of How To Engage In A Controversy Lack Of Training In How To Use Decisional Conflict Effectively Anti-Conflict Cultural Bias Anti-Conflict Group Norms Inertia: Power Of Status Quo

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Outcomes Of Controversy 1 Productivity And Decision Quality Motivation To Search For More Information Learning Of Relevant Information & Long-Term Retention Insight Into Others’ Perspectives, Reduction Of Egocentric Reasoning Accuracy And Quality Of Decisions Creativity, Higher-Level Cognitive & Moral Reasoning Increased Task Involvement Increased Attention On Problems To Be Solved & Energy To Do So Greater Exchange Of Expertise

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Outcomes Of Controversy 2 Interpersonal Attraction Among Participants Liking Among Participants, Group Cohesion Confidence That Conflicts Will Be Positive Keeps Relationships Clear Of Resentments Psychological Health And Social Competence Healthy Cognitive & Social Development Self-Esteem Clarity Of Own & Other’s Identity, Values Releases Feelings That If Repressed Creates Psychologically Problems Fun & Enjoyment

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theoretical Roots Developmental Theories: Cognitive Theories: Social Psychological Theories: Controversy Theory: Piaget, Kohlberg, Hunt Berlyne, Hammond Maier, Janis Johnson, Tjosvold

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Meta-Analysis Of Academic Controversy Studies: Mean Effect Sizes Dependent Variables Controversy / Concurrence Seeking Controversy / Debate Controversy / Individualistic Efforts Achievement Cog Reasoning Perspective Taking Motivation Attitudes Task Liking For Others Social Support Self-Esteem

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Process Of Controversy 1.Organizing Information And Deriving Conclusions 2.Presenting And Advocating Positions 3.Uncertainty Created By Being Challenged By Opposing Views 4.Epistemic Curiosity And Perspective Taking 5.Reconceptualization, Synthesis, Integration

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Have You Learned Lessons Only Of Those Who Admired You, And Were Tender With You, And Stood Aside For You? Have You Not Learned Great Lessons From Those Who Braced Themselves Against You, And Disputed The Passage With You? Walt Whitman, 1860

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Process Of Controversy

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Mediating Conditions Cooperative Goal Structure Skilled Disagreement Disagreeing With Other’s Ideas While Confirming Other’s Competence Perspective-Taking Differentiating Before Seeking An Integration Rational Argumentation

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Minority Influence Minority Influence Occurs When Group Members Who Are In The Opinion Minority Persuade Members In The Opinion Majority To Change Their Opinion And Agree With The Minority Opinion Minorities Are Most Persuasive When: They Remain Steady In Their Views They Once Held The Majority Position They Are Willing To Compromise They Have Support From Others They Present Their Views As Compatible With Majority View Group Members Want To Make An Accurate Decision

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Structuring Constructive Controversies Propose Several Courses Of Action Form Advocacy Teams Engage In Controversy Procedure Research Position And Prepare Persuasive Presentation Presentations Open Discussion: Advocacy, Refutation, Rebuttal Perspective Reversal Drop Advocacy, Make Best Reasoned Judgment About Issue Process How Effectively Procedure Was Followed Implement The Decision

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Citizen In A Democracy Every Citizen Has The Opportunity To: Advocate His Or Her Ideas Challenge And Criticize Others’ Ideas Vote Is Taken, Majority Rules Minority Willingly Commits To Implementing Decision Because: They Received A Fair And Complete Hearing And Had The Opportunity To Persuade Others They Will Have Another Change To Advocate Their Views In Two Or Four Years They Are Confident Their Rights Will Be Protected

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Creative Problem Solving Creativity Is Process Of Bring Something New Into Existence Creative Process: 1.Recognize Problem Exists 2.Gather Resources Needed To Solve Problem 3.Cooperative, Supportive Context 4.Seek Out Diverse Perspectives On Problem 5.Experience Incubation Period 6.Formulate New And Unique Solution

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Developing Creativity Reaffirm Cooperative Goal Of Making Best Decision Possible Promote Controversy Among Different Opinions And Perspectives Set Aside Time For Reflection Meet To Make Final Decision

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Creativity Procedures David & Houtman (1968) Part Changing Checkerboard Figure Checklist Finding Something Similar Gordon (1961) Personal Analogy: How It Feels To Be Part Of Issue Direct Analogy: Think Of Parallel Situation Compressed Conflict: Seeing Issue From Multiple Perspectives

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Open Vs. Closed Belief Systems Creative Problem Solving Requires Open- Mindedness Open Minded Individuals Are Willing To Attend To, Comprehend, And Gain Insight Into Information, Ideas, Perspectives, Beliefs Different From Their Own. Dogmatism: Relatively Closed Organization Of Beliefs About Absolute Authority That Provides Framework For Intolerance Toward Others

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Closed-Minded Individuals Less Able To Learn New Beliefs Or Change Old Beliefs Less Able To Organize New Beliefs Into Existing Cognitive Structures During Problem Solving Less Accepting Of Belief-Discrepant Information More Resistant To Changing Beliefs More Frequently Reject Information Threatening Their Beliefs Have Less Recall Of Contrary Information Evaluate Consistent Information More Positively Tend To Evaluate Information On Basis Of Who Said It Less Able To Resolve Conflicts (See Compromise As Defeat)

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Brainstorming Invented To: Encourage Divergent Thinking Produce Many Different Ideas In Short Period Of Time Ensure All Members Participate Fully Brainstorming Procedure Aimed At Producing As Many Ideas As Possibly While Withholding Criticism, Evaluation Ground Rules For Brainstorming: No Criticism Or Evaluation Expect Wild Ideas Only Quantity Of Ideas Counts, Not Quality Build On Other’s Ideas Focus On Single Issue Promote Congenial, Relaxed, Cooperative Atmosphere All Members Have To Contribute Record All Ideas

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Making Brainstorming Work Most Research Suggests That It Is Less Effective Than Having Members Work Individualistically To Generate Ideas Primary Reason Is Production Blocking, Norm That Only One Person Should Speak At A Time Focus On Retrieving Relevant Information From Long-Term Memory Members Tend To Generate Ideas From Same Category Priming Is Presenting Brainstormers With Ideas From Low- Accessible Categories Creative Groups May Be Easier To Create Than Creative Individuals

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Major Points Controversy Is Essential For Effective Decision Making Many Groups Avoid Controversies There Are Multiple Positive Outcomes Of Controversy Process Of Controversy Involves Creating Uncertainty Which Leads To Epistemic Curiosity There Are Conditions That Mediate The Effectiveness Of Controversy Minority Influence Depends On And Enriches Controversy Controversies May Be Structured Certain Democratic Citizenship Skills Depend On Controversy Creative Problem Solving Depends On Controversy There Are Ways To Develop And Foster Creativity Creativity Requires An Open (Vs Closed) Mind Brainstorming Works When There Is Priming

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. He That Wrestles With Us Strengthens Our Nerves, And Sharpens Our Skill. Our Antagonist Is Our Helper Edmund Burke