Introductory Psychology Concepts The Nervous System Introductory Psychology Concepts The Nervous System

Central Nervous System Complex network carrying information throughout the body Central Nervous System Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Central Nervous System (CNS) Composed of the brain and spinal cord. Spinal cord is the primary means for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

Central Nervous System (CNS) The Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebellum Pons Medulla Cerebrum Limbic system Corpus callosum

Peripheral Nervous System Complex network carrying information throughout the body Peripheral Nervous System Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Made up of neurons with long axons and dendrites. Branches out from the spinal cord and brain to reach the extremities of the body.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic division Voluntary muscle activation Autonomic division Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; Basically involuntary Sympathetic (generally activates) Parasympathetic (generally inhibits)

Peripheral -Somatic System Sensory neurons: Carrying messages to the central nervous system Motor neurons: Carrying messages from the central nervous system to the voluntary muscles Dendrites Axon Cell body Myelin sheath Terminal buttons The Primary Components of the Neuron

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic division Somatic division Voluntary muscle activation Autonomic division Autonomic division Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; Basically involuntary Sympathetic (generally activates) Parasympathetic (generally inhibits)

Sympathetic division: Eye: Dilates pupil Salivary glands: Inhibits flow of saliva Heart: Accelerates heartbeat Lungs: Dilates bronchi Digestive tract: Inhibits digestion Liver: Stimulates release of glylcogen Urinary bladder: Inhibits bladder contraction Chain of sympathetic ganglia Ganglion Secretion of epinephrine by adrenal gland Postganglionic fibers Sympathetic division: Fight or flight response Acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations, engaging all the organism’s resources to respond to a threat.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic division Somatic division Voluntary muscle activation Autonomic division Autonomic division Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; Basically involuntary Sympathetic (generally activates) Parasympathetic (generally inhibits)

Parasympathetic division: Maintaining normal functions Acts to calm the body after an emergency or stressful situation has ended. Eye: Constricts pupil Salivary glands: Stimulates flow of saliva Heart: Slows heartbeat Lungs: Constricts bronchi Digestive tract: Stimulates digestion Liver: Stimulates release of bile Urinary bladder: Contracts bladder

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic division Somatic division Voluntary muscle activation Autonomic division Autonomic division Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; Basically involuntary Sympathetic (generally activates) Parasympathetic (generally inhibits)

Quick Quiz Write down everything you remember from the presentation

Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and describe how they communicate information.

Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and describe how they communicate information.

Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and describe how they communicate information.

Introductory Psychology Concepts Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Medulla Reticular formation Spinal cord Brain stem Cerebellum Cerebrum Amygdala Hippocampus The Brain

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Corpus callosum Bridge of fibers passing information between the two cerebral hemispheres Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Thalamus Relay center for incoming sensory information Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Cerebrum Involved in sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness, and voluntary movement Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Amygdala Limbic system structure involved in emotion and aggression Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Hippocampus Limbic system structure involved in learning and memory Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Cerebellum Coordinates fine muscle movement, balance Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Brain stem Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Spinal cord Transmits information between brain and rest of body; handles simple reflexes Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Reticular formation Group of fibers that carries stimulation related to sleep and arousal through brain stem Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Medulla Regulates vital functions such as breathing and circulation Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Pons Involved in sleep and arousal Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Pituitary gland “Master” gland that regulates other endocrine glands Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Hypothalamus Regulates basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control Thalamus Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

Identify the brain’s key structures and functions.

Identify the brain’s key structures and functions.

Identify the brain’s key structures and functions.

Quick Quiz Write down everything you remember from the presentation

Perception Giving Meaning to Sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. 1. Stimulus is received by sensory receptors. Sensation Perception

Perception The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. 1. Stimulus is received by sensory receptors. Sensation Perception 2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction).

Perception The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. 1. Stimulus is received by sensory receptors. 3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features. Sensation Perception 2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction).

Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception Giving Meaning to Sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception 1. Stimulus is received by sensory receptors. 3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features. Sensation Perception 2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction). 4. Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation.

The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. 1. Stimulus is received by sensory receptors. 3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features. 5. Neural representation is compared with previously stored information in brain. Sensation Perception 2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction). 4. Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation.

Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception Giving Meaning to Sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception 1. Stimulus is received by sensory receptors. 3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features. 5. Neural representation is compared with previously stored information in brain. Sensation Perception 2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction). 4. Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation. 6. Matching process results in recognition and interpretation of stimulus.

Gestalt organizing the separate parts of our perceptual field into a unified and meaningful whole One stimulus, two perceptions This reversible figure illustrates alternating figure-ground relations. It can be seen as a vase,or as two people facing one another. Whichever percept exists at the moment is seen as figure against background.

Depth Perception: translating two-dimensional information (length and width) into three-dimensional perceptions. Patterns of light and shadow can serve as monocular depth cues. Drawing Hands, by M.C. Escher

Top-down processing Factors Affecting Perception: The power of context is shown in this figure. Note how the B and the 13 are identical. (Source: Coren & Ward, 1989.) Top-down processing Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations. Top-down processing is illustrated by the importance of context in determining how we perceive objects.

BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING TOP-DOWN PROCESSING Concept, Expectation Combination and interpretation of “whole” Breakdown/analysis of stimuli Guides, analysis Bottom-up processing Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole. Top-down and bottom-up processing occur simultaneously and interact with each other in our perception of the world around us. Interpretation of incoming stimuli Detection of individual stimulus elements

Visual Illusions The Parthenon looks perfectly straight, with right angles at every corner. : compelling but incorrect perceptions. Physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.

The Parthenon looks perfectly straight, with right angles at every corner. However, if had been built with true right angles, it would have looked as it does in figure (b). b.

b. The Parthenon looks perfectly straight, with right angles at every corner. However, if had been built with true right angles, it would have looked as it does in figure (b). To compensate for this illusion, the Parthenon was designed to have a slight upward curvature as shown in (c). (Source: Coren & Ward, 1989, p.5.) c.

Quick Quiz Write down everything you remember from the presentation

Next 3 Classes: Monday, March 5: Chapters 5 and 6 Wednesday, March 7: Chapter 7 pgs. 242 – 250 Monday, March 12: pgs. 305 - 321