Goal 9

1920’S PRESIDENTS- PRO BUSINESS-LAISSEZ-FAIRE! Warren G. Harding ( ) Republican Ohio Senator (corruption) How did he win? ***** “ RETURN TO NORMALCY ” ***** In order to do that: put down the guns / get back to ISOLATIONISM / NEUTRALITY-business back at home (Washington Naval Conference and the Kellogg-Briand Pact)

1920’S PRESIDENTS – ANTI-UNION-ANTI-STRIKES -BOSTON POLICE STRIKE Started during WWI Denied the right to unionize which was in Clayton Anti-Trust Act Massachusetts Governor = Calvin Coolidge (later to become president) sends in National Guard Strike ended – new policemen were hired Coolidge saves Boston from anarchy?? Coolidge becomes Harding’s Vice President

HARDING HAS A “HARD” TIME (STRUGGLING FOR PEACE AFTER WWI) * Washington Naval Conference* put together by Harding and… Charles Evans Hughes: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court suggested: (1) no more war ships be built for the next 10 years! (2) 5 major naval powers of the world – U.S., Britain, France, Japan, and Italy should “DISARM” Result: it worked – first time in history

KELLOGG – BRIAND PACT (1928) Result of the Washington Naval Conference Purpose of Kellogg – Briand Pact: 15 countries sign this pact or “promise” to denounce war as national policy / international support! MAIN PROBLEM: If you use war as national policy…. NO MEANS OF ENFORCEMENT

HIGH TARIFFS AND REPARATIONS After WWI – Britain and France had a debt to America Two ways to repay it: (1) Sell goods to the U.S. (2) Collect reparations from Germany So, American passed the Fordney - McCumber Tariff (1922) raised taxes on imports by 60%. This made it almost impossible for Fr and Br to repay by selling goods – so they HAD to collect reparation from Germany Hawley-Smoot Tariff Raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels ….Led to Great Depression

*** Dawes Plan *** U.S. will loan Germany $2.5 billion to pay France and Britain…so France and Britain can pay us *We are getting paid with our own money!* OVERALL GOAL OF U.S. – AVOID WAR! Note: DO NOT get Dawes Plan and Dawes Severalty Act mixed up! *France and Britain are upset with the U.S. U.S. escaped paying for war debts / Europeans lost their lives Germany failed to repay the money (suffered from terrible inflation) French reaction: troops marched in! American reaction: American banker Charles G. Dawes was sent to negotiate! GERMANY’S REACTION

SCANDAL HITS HARDING’S ADMINISTRATION Harding’s Cabinet: Known as the “Ohio Gang”, the President’s poker-playing “buddies” Harding’s Cabinet = CORRUPTION!!!!! GRAFT: the illegal use of political influence for personal gain

**** TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL **** President: Warren G. Harding Story: The federal government set aside oil-rich land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming for “NAVAL PURPOSES” Problem: Albert B. Fall became greedy! (secretly leased the land to oil executives-GOT PAID! And then got caught, tried and was found guilty) *First Cabinet member to be convicted of a felony while holding office

TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL

WARREN G. HARDING’S DEATH “I have no trouble with my enemies…but my friends, they are the ones that keep me walking the floors at night!” Harding in died of a heart attack or stroke Vice President Calvin Coolidge took over… (Boston Police Strike) Main agenda: hopefully to get the Republican party past the scandal!

The Harlem Renaissance GOAL 9 CULTURE!

1920S AFRICAN AMERICAN / NAACP Great Migration (between ) CAUSES the growth in African American population in the North NAACP: National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (1909) Magazine: The Crisis Founded by W.E.B. Dubois James Weldon Johnson: Exec. Sect. of NAACP- co writer of Negro National anthem

17. MARCUS GARVEY AND THE UNIA Founded the UNIA – (Universal Negro Improvement Association)= Take black pride into yourself and your heritage

18. HARLEM – “CAPITAL” OF BLACK AMERICA Harlem – upper West side of Manhattan Island Became the largest African American urban community in the world

HARLEM RENAISSANCE A literary and artistic movement celebrating the AFRICAN AMERICAN culture / the great “flowering” of African American artistic activity in the 1920s Most Famous writer during the Harlem Renaissance = Langston Hughes Poems show the difficult life of “Working-class African Americans”

LANGSTON HUGHES US poet, novelist and playwright Of the Harlem Renaissance “What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up Like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over Like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sages like a heavy load. Or does it explode?”

ZORA NEAL HURSTON Author during Harlem Renaissance “Their Eyes were Watching God” Origins of black culture

AFRICAN AMERICANS AND JAZZ Jazz: born in the early 20 th century in New Orleans Louis Armstrong: Famous Trumpet player and vocalist Billie Holiday: Duke Ellington: a Jazz pianist and composer & played at the famous “Cotton Club”

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CAUSED THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE TO FLOWER IN THE 1920S? A.Immigration and overcrowding in Harlem B.Great Migration and African American pride C.The NAACP D.Marcus Garvey’s UNIA organization