1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER 14 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

2 RESIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT:- NOSE, PHARYNX, LARYNX & PART OF TRACHEA. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT:- NOSE, PHARYNX, LARYNX & PART OF TRACHEA. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT:- LOWER PART OF TRACHEA, BRONCHIAL TREE AND THE LUNGS. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT:- LOWER PART OF TRACHEA, BRONCHIAL TREE AND THE LUNGS. LINED WITH GOBLET CELLS & CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM COVERED WITH MUCUS THAT TRAP DUST PARTICLES. LINED WITH GOBLET CELLS & CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM COVERED WITH MUCUS THAT TRAP DUST PARTICLES.

3 RESIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE

4

5 THE NOSE NOSTRILS:- TWO EXTERNAL OPENINGS OF THE NOSE. NOSTRILS:- TWO EXTERNAL OPENINGS OF THE NOSE. NASAL SEPTUM:- VERTICAL PARTITION SEPARATING THE TWO NOSTRILS. NASAL SEPTUM:- VERTICAL PARTITION SEPARATING THE TWO NOSTRILS. NASAL CAVITY:- INTERIOR CHAMBERS OF THE NOSE. NASAL CAVITY:- INTERIOR CHAMBERS OF THE NOSE. HARD & SOFT PALATE:- THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH HARD & SOFT PALATE:- THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH

6 THE PHARYNX NASOPHARYNX:- BEHIND THE NOSE. NASOPHARYNX:- BEHIND THE NOSE. OROPHARYNX:- BEHIND THE MOUTH. OROPHARYNX:- BEHIND THE MOUTH. LARYNGOPHARYNX:-BEHIND THE LARYNX LARYNGOPHARYNX:-BEHIND THE LARYNX PHARYNGEAL TONSILS:- LOCATED AT THE UPPER END OF THE PHARYNX. PHARYNGEAL TONSILS:- LOCATED AT THE UPPER END OF THE PHARYNX. PALATINE TONSILS:- LOCATED AT THE LOWER END OF THE PHARYNX. PALATINE TONSILS:- LOCATED AT THE LOWER END OF THE PHARYNX. LINGUAL TONSILS:- LOCATED AT THE BACK OF THE TONGUE. LINGUAL TONSILS:- LOCATED AT THE BACK OF THE TONGUE.

7 NOSE & PHARYNX

8 THE LARYNX IS A CARTILAGINOUS STRUCTURE THAT PROVIDE A PASSAGE FOR AIR FROM THE PHARYNX INTO THE TRACHEA. IS A CARTILAGINOUS STRUCTURE THAT PROVIDE A PASSAGE FOR AIR FROM THE PHARYNX INTO THE TRACHEA. IT CONTAIN THE VOCAL CORDS WHICH ARE FOLDS OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES THAT VIBRATE TO PRODUCE VOCAL SOUNDS. IT CONTAIN THE VOCAL CORDS WHICH ARE FOLDS OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES THAT VIBRATE TO PRODUCE VOCAL SOUNDS. THE GLOTTIS IS THE OPENING BETWEEN THE VOCAL CORDS LEADING INTO THE TRACHEA. THE GLOTTIS IS THE OPENING BETWEEN THE VOCAL CORDS LEADING INTO THE TRACHEA. THE EPIGLOTTIS IS THE FLAP THAT COVER THE LARYNX DURING SWALLOWING AND DIRECT FOOD INTO THE ESOPHAGUS. THE EPIGLOTTIS IS THE FLAP THAT COVER THE LARYNX DURING SWALLOWING AND DIRECT FOOD INTO THE ESOPHAGUS.

9 THE LARYNX

10 THE VOCAL CORDS

11 THE BRONCHIAL TREE THE TRACHEA IS A LONG TUBE MADE OF CARTILAGINOUS RINGS THAT EXTEND FROM THE LARYNX TO THE LUNGS. THE TRACHEA IS A LONG TUBE MADE OF CARTILAGINOUS RINGS THAT EXTEND FROM THE LARYNX TO THE LUNGS. IT BRANCHES TO FORM THE RIGHT AND LEFT PRIMARY BRONCHI. IT BRANCHES TO FORM THE RIGHT AND LEFT PRIMARY BRONCHI. EACH BRONCHUS ENTER A LUNG AND BRANCHES INTO SECONDARY BRONCHI THAT CONTINUE TO BRANCH TO FORM VERY SMALL BRONCHIOLES. EACH BRONCHUS ENTER A LUNG AND BRANCHES INTO SECONDARY BRONCHI THAT CONTINUE TO BRANCH TO FORM VERY SMALL BRONCHIOLES.

12 THE BRONCHIAL TREE

13 THE LUNGS AND ALVEOLI THE LUNGS ARE LARGE ELASTIC ORGANS COVERED BY A PLEURAL MEMBERANE. THE LUNGS ARE LARGE ELASTIC ORGANS COVERED BY A PLEURAL MEMBERANE. THE TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES BRANCH TO FORM THE ALVEOLAR DUCTS WITH EACH OF THESE TERMINATING INTO TINY AIR SACS CALLED ALVEOLI. THE TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES BRANCH TO FORM THE ALVEOLAR DUCTS WITH EACH OF THESE TERMINATING INTO TINY AIR SACS CALLED ALVEOLI. EACH ALVEOLUS IS COVERED BY A NET OF BLOOD CAPILLARIES. EACH ALVEOLUS IS COVERED BY A NET OF BLOOD CAPILLARIES.

14 THE ALVEOLI

15 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS PULMONARY VENTILATION:- MOVEMENT OF AIR INTO & OUT OF THE LUNGS. PULMONARY VENTILATION:- MOVEMENT OF AIR INTO & OUT OF THE LUNGS. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION:-EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN AIR IN THE ALVEOLI & CAPILLARIES BLOOD BY DIFFUSION. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION:-EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN AIR IN THE ALVEOLI & CAPILLARIES BLOOD BY DIFFUSION. TRANSPORT OF GASES:- BY THE BLOOD TRANSPORT OF GASES:- BY THE BLOOD INTERNAL RESPIRATION:- EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN CAPILLARIES BLOOD & BODY TISSUES BY DIFFUSION. INTERNAL RESPIRATION:- EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN CAPILLARIES BLOOD & BODY TISSUES BY DIFFUSION.

16 PULMONARY VENTILATION IS MOVEMENT OF AIR INTO AND OUT OF THE LUNGS BY BREATHING. IS MOVEMENT OF AIR INTO AND OUT OF THE LUNGS BY BREATHING. INSPIRATION:- CONTRACTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM & EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES EXPAND THE LUNGS VOLUME & ALLOW AIR TO FILL THE LUNGS. INSPIRATION:- CONTRACTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM & EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES EXPAND THE LUNGS VOLUME & ALLOW AIR TO FILL THE LUNGS. EXPIRATION:- RELAXATION OF THE DIAPHRAM & EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES DECREASE THE LUNGS VOLUME & PUSH AIR OUT OF THE LUNGS. EXPIRATION:- RELAXATION OF THE DIAPHRAM & EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES DECREASE THE LUNGS VOLUME & PUSH AIR OUT OF THE LUNGS.

17 PULMONARY VENTILATION

18 PULMONARY VENTILATION

19 RESPIRATORY VOLUMES TIDAL VOLUME {TV}:- THE VOLUME OF AIR INHALED OR EXHALED AT QUIET BREATHING. TIDAL VOLUME {TV}:- THE VOLUME OF AIR INHALED OR EXHALED AT QUIET BREATHING. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME {IRV}:- THE ADDITIONAL VOLUME OF AIR INHALED ABOVE THE TIDAL VOLUME INSPIRATION. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME {IRV}:- THE ADDITIONAL VOLUME OF AIR INHALED ABOVE THE TIDAL VOLUME INSPIRATION. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME {ERV}:- THE ADDITIONAL VOLUME OF AIR EXHALED AFTER THE TIDAL VOLUME EXPIRATION. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME {ERV}:- THE ADDITIONAL VOLUME OF AIR EXHALED AFTER THE TIDAL VOLUME EXPIRATION. RESIDUAL VOLUME {RV}:- THE VOLUME OF AIR THAT ALWAYS REMAIN IN THE LUNGS. RESIDUAL VOLUME {RV}:- THE VOLUME OF AIR THAT ALWAYS REMAIN IN THE LUNGS.

20 RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES INSPIRATORY CAPACITY {IC}:- THE TIDAL VOLUME + INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME INSPIRATORY CAPACITY {IC}:- THE TIDAL VOLUME + INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY {FRC}:- RESIDUAL VOLUME + EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY {FRC}:- RESIDUAL VOLUME + EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. VITAL CAPACITY {VC}:- TIDAL VOLUME + INSPIRATORY RESEVE VOLUME + EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. VITAL CAPACITY {VC}:- TIDAL VOLUME + INSPIRATORY RESEVE VOLUME + EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY {TLC}:- ALL FOUR RESIRATORY VOLUMES TOGETHER. TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY {TLC}:- ALL FOUR RESIRATORY VOLUMES TOGETHER.

21 RESPIRATORY VOLUMES & CAPACITIES

22 CONTROL OF RESPIRATION BREATHING IS CONTROLED BY THE RESPIRATORY CENTERS IN BRAIN STEM. BREATHING IS CONTROLED BY THE RESPIRATORY CENTERS IN BRAIN STEM. MEDULLARY INSPIRATORY AREA:- PRODUCE RHYTHMIC INSPIRATION. MEDULLARY INSPIRATORY AREA:- PRODUCE RHYTHMIC INSPIRATION. MEDULLARY EXPIRATORY AREA:- PRODUCE FORCEFUL EXPIRATION ONLY. MEDULLARY EXPIRATORY AREA:- PRODUCE FORCEFUL EXPIRATION ONLY. PONS RESPIRATORY AREA:- CHANGE THE DEPTH & LENGTH OF INSPIRATION. PONS RESPIRATORY AREA:- CHANGE THE DEPTH & LENGTH OF INSPIRATION.

23 CONTROL OF RESPIRATION

24 EXTERNAL RESPIRATION RESPIRATORY GASES ARE EXCHANGED BETWEEN THE AIR IN ALVEOLI & BLOOD IN THE CAPILLARIES AROUND THEM. RESPIRATORY GASES ARE EXCHANGED BETWEEN THE AIR IN ALVEOLI & BLOOD IN THE CAPILLARIES AROUND THEM. GASES DIFFUSE THROUGH RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE MADE FROM THE ALVEOLAR WALL AND THE CAPILLARY WALL. GASES DIFFUSE THROUGH RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE MADE FROM THE ALVEOLAR WALL AND THE CAPILLARY WALL. OXYGEN DIFFUSES FROM ALVEOLAR AIR INTO THE CAPILLARY BLOOD. OXYGEN DIFFUSES FROM ALVEOLAR AIR INTO THE CAPILLARY BLOOD. CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSES FROM THE CAPILLARY BLOOD INTO ALVEOLAR AIR. CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSES FROM THE CAPILLARY BLOOD INTO ALVEOLAR AIR.

25 THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE

26 TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES OXYGEN:- 3% DISSOLVED IN THE PLASMA 97% OXYHEMOGLOBIN IN RBCs CARBON DIOXIDE:- 7% DISSOLVED IN THE PLASMA 23% CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN IN RBCs 70% BICARBONATE IONS IN RBCs

27 INTERNAL RESPIRATION IS THE EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES BETWEEN THE CAPILLARY BLOOD AND THE BODY TISSUES. IS THE EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES BETWEEN THE CAPILLARY BLOOD AND THE BODY TISSUES. OXYGEN DIFFUSES FROM CAPILLARY BLOOD INTO THE BODY TISSUES. OXYGEN DIFFUSES FROM CAPILLARY BLOOD INTO THE BODY TISSUES. CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSES FROM THE BODY TISSUES INTO CAPILLARY BLOOD. CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSES FROM THE BODY TISSUES INTO CAPILLARY BLOOD.

28 INTERNAL & EXTERNAL RESPIRATION