Global Winds Michael J. Garay Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA

http://geography. sierra. cc. ca http://geography.sierra.cc.ca.us/Booth/California/2_atmosphere/Hadley_cells.jpg

How to teach this? http://geography.sierra.cc.ca.us/Booth/California/2_atmosphere/Hadley_cells.jpg

National Science Education Standards Earth Science Energy in the Earth system Heating of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere by the sun drives convection within the atmosphere and ocean, producing winds and ocean currents (9-12) Global winds are part of a pattern of air circulation across the Earth and include the trade winds, westerlies and the polar easterlies

The “Scientific Method” http://www.universetoday.com/74036/what-are-the-steps-of-the-scientific-method/

Three Approaches Factual Historical Synthesis These are “facts” that students should know Historical Science (i.e., learning about the world) is done by people (and not always “scientists”) Synthesis Science provides a unifying idea (theory) that explains many different things

Global Wind Systems

Historical Aristotle George Hadley Christopher Columbus Edmond Halley William Ferrel Isaac Newton

World Map Showing the “Four Winds” http://usm.maine.edu/maps/exhibition/8/3/sub-/where-the-winds-blow

“T-O” Map Showing the “Eight Winds” http://www.taringa.net/posts/offtopic/6355668/El-mar_-terror-y-fascinacion.html

World Map Showing the “Twelve Winds” of Aristotle http://usm.maine.edu/maps/exhibition/8/3/sub-/where-the-winds-blow

http://www.chroniclesofamerica.com/maps_of_america.htm

Edmond Halley’s Map of the Major Global Wind Systems (1686) http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/en/research/projects/DeptII_Daston_Collective

The “Scientific Method” http://www.universetoday.com/74036/what-are-the-steps-of-the-scientific-method/

George Hadley http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter10/single_cell.html

The Ferrel Cell

The Ferrel Cell http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/IGCSE+and+GCSE+Weather,+Climate+and+Ecosystems

http://geography. sierra. cc. ca http://geography.sierra.cc.ca.us/Booth/California/2_atmosphere/Hadley_cells.jpg

Synthesis http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Gov-Inc/Hypothesis-Testing.html

The “Scientific Method” http://www.universetoday.com/74036/what-are-the-steps-of-the-scientific-method/

Thinking Like a Scientist http://xkcd.com/242/

“Earthrise” from Apollo 8 December 24, 1968 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthrise

Apollo 17 View of the Earth “Blue Marble” December 7, 1972 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Marble

“Blue Marble” from MODIS (Available as an iPhone background) http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/printall.php

MODIS Land, Ocean, Ice, Cloud http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/printall.php

MODIS Land Only http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/printall.php

The Hadley Circulation

MISR Directional Hemispheric Reflectance (DHR) http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/PRODOCS/misr/level3/product.html

One Month of Precipitation from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=1017

MODIS Land, Ocean, Ice, Cloud http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/printall.php

MODIS Cloud Only http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/printall.php

http://geography. sierra. cc. ca http://geography.sierra.cc.ca.us/Booth/California/2_atmosphere/Hadley_cells.jpg

Jupiter Composite from the Cassini Spacecraft http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-92989/Bands-of-pastel-colored-clouds-encircle-the-giant-planet-Jupiter

Seeing the Wind http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing

Ocean Surface Winds from the QuikSCAT Instrument on the SeaWinds Satellite http://www.scp.byu.edu/gallery.html

QuikSCAT Mean Ocean Winds Annual Climatology

NCEP Reanalysis Mean Ocean Surface Winds Annual Climatology

NCEP Reanalysis Mean Winds Annual 0 - 1 km Climatology

NCEP Reanalysis Mean Winds Annual 1 - 2 km Climatology

NCEP Reanalysis Mean Winds Annual 2 - 3.5 km Climatology

NCEP Reanalysis Mean Winds Annual 3.5 - 5 km Climatology

NCEP Reanalysis Mean Winds Annual 5 - 7 km Climatology

NCEP Reanalysis Mean Winds Annual 7 - 10 km Climatology

NCEP-2/MISR Zonal Mean Wind Plots December 2001 – August 2007

Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Nine view angles at Earth surface: 70.5º forward to 70.5º backward Nine 14-bit pushbroom cameras 275 m - 1.1 km sampling Four spectral bands at each angle: 446, 558, 672, 866 nm 400-km swath: 9-day coverage at equator, 2-day at poles 7 minutes to observe each scene at all nine angles http://misr.jpl.nasa.gov/ 47

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MISR Low Cloud Wind Vectors for January 2011

MISR Low Cloud Wind Vectors for July 2011

Where Does the Wind Blow?

Frequency of Wind Speeds Greater than 20 m/s (45 mph) Height ≤ 1 km AGL Low High

Frequency of Wind Speeds Greater than 20 m/s (45 mph) Height ≤ 2 km AGL Low High

Frequency of Wind Speeds Greater than 20 m/s (45 mph) Height ≤ 3 km AGL Low High

Frequency of Wind Speeds Greater than 20 m/s (45 mph) Height ≤ 4 km AGL Low High

Frequency of Wind Speeds Greater than 20 m/s (45 mph) Height ≤ 5 km AGL Low High

Frequency of Wind Speeds Greater than 20 m/s (45 mph) over Africa (DJF) Mediterranean Sea 35°N 30°N Qattara Depression Algeria 2 2 Egypt Libya 25°N Sahara Desert Selima Sand Sheet Mauritania Niger Chad 20°N 2 Mali Ténéré Desert 3 2 3 2 Western Sahara Desert 2 4 2 5 13 9 3 5 19 8 15 8 Figure 1. 2 2 2 5 4 15 4 7 6 15°N Sudan 2 8 2 3 Bodélé Depression 10°N Nigeria 10°W 5°W 0°E 5°E 10°E 15°E 20°E 25°E 30°E 35°E

Figure 1. MODIS-Terra true color image from 20 February 2008 around 0930 UT over the Bodélé region in Chad from Google Earth™. Superimposed on the image are representative MISR image blocks in magenta and the CALIPSO lidar ground track in green. Note that the time difference between the Terra satellite (MISR) overpass and the A-Train (CALIPSO) overpass is approximately 3 hours. The primary dust generating region of the Bodélé is in the center of the image, with a smaller dust source to the southeast. Lake Chad is in the lower left of the image and the Tibesti Mountains are the dark region in the top center of the image.

The Bodélé Depression Credit: Giles (2005), Nature, “The Dustiest Place on Earth”

Credits: Giles (2005), Nature, [Lower left, upper right] Bristow et al. (2009), Geomorphology [Upper left, lower right]

Dust from the Sahara Desert Reaches Houston, Texas United States Aug 29 Aug 26 Aug 25 Aug 24 Aug 23 Aug 22 Aug 21 Aug 20 Aug 19 Africa South America Observations from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Instrument on NASA’s Terra Satellite

Current MISR Wind Product Some Resources MISR misr.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/worldmap.html JPL (Solar System) photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/Help/ImageGallery.html NASA (Animations) svs.gsfc.nasa.gov Google Image Search New and Improved! Current MISR Wind Product New MISR Wind Product