WOW Macromolecules Polymers.

1. They all contain Carbon 1.Has 4 valence electrons What do all macromolecules have in common?

2. They are all polymers – A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers What do all macromolecules have in common? What is a polymer? How are polymers assembled? 3. They are all assembled by a Dehydration reaction (Condensation).

(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer HOH H H H2OH2O Short polymer Unlinked monomer Longer polymer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Figure5.2A Dehydration (Condensation) Reaction

Polymers are disassembled by – Hydrolysis (b) Hydrolysis of a polymer HO H H H2OH2O H Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond Figure 5.2B

Examples in the cell 1. Carbohydrates- polysaccharide Cellulose plant cell wall Starch- plants storage sugar

Chitin- exoskeleton of insects Glycogen- how the body stores sugar

Carbohydrates Monomer = Monosaccharide ( simple sugar) Type of bond = glycosidic linkage Function: –Storage and structural support

Examples in the cell 2. Lipids Oils – Lipids in plants Fats- lipids in animals

Phospholipids -make up cell membrane Steroids –Hormones in the cell.

Lipids Monomer = Fatty acid tail Type of bond = ester linkage Function: –Energy storage –Protection Ester linkage

3. Proteins Proteins - more than 50% of dry mass of cells Functions include: –Enzymes –Structural –Storage –Transport –Hormonal (cellular communication) –Receptor –Contractile (movement) –Defensive Animation: Protein Functions Proteins in mouse cells

Examples in the cellProteins Enzymes- speed up chemical reactions

Proteins Monomer = Amino Acid Type of bond = Peptide Bond Function: –Diverse and many

LE 5-20a Amino acid subunits Carboxyl end Amino end Proteins level of structure 1. Primary

LE 5-20b Amino acid subunits  pleated sheet  helix Proteins level of structure 2. Secondary

LE 5-20d Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions Polypeptide backbone Disulfide bridge Ionic bond Hydrogen bond Proteins level of structure 3. Tertiary

LE 5-20e  Chains  Chains Hemoglobin Iron Heme Collagen Polypeptide chain Polypeptide chain Proteins level of structure 4. Quaternary

Examples in the cell 4. Nucleic Acids RNA – Carries genetic code to cell. DNA stores genetic information

Nucleic Acids Monomer = Nucleotide Type of bond = Covalent and Hydrogen bond between bases Function: –Store genetic information