A - D Math Vocabulary

absolute value The absolute value of a positive number is the number itself. absolute value of -6 is 6 absolute value of 3 is 3

abundant number A number in which the sum of all its proper factors is greater than the number itself. 12 is an abundant number Because the sum of its proper factors is = is greater than 12

acre A unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet.

addend One of two or more numbers that are added. addends = 35 sum

addition A mathematical operation based on putting together two or more quantities = 5

addition fact Two 1-digit numbers and their sum = 16 digitsum add

additive inverses Two numbers whose sum is 0. The additive inverse of a number is also called its opposite. 3 +(-3)=0 additive inverse of 3 is -3 additive inverse of -3 is 3

adjacent angles Two angles with a common side that do not otherwise overlap.

algebraic expression An expression that contains a variable. 7x + 3 = 24 x + 5 = X 3 ÷ 2 – 1 =

algorithm A set of step-by-step instructions for doing something, such as carrying out a computation or solving a problem.

A.M. It means “before the middle of the day” from midnight to noon. A.M. = ante meridiem

analog clock A clock that shows the time by the position of the hour and minute hand. hour minute

angle A figure that is formed by two rays or two line segments with a common endpoint.

apex In a pyramid or cone, the vertex that is opposite the base.

arc Part of a circle from one point on the circle to another.

area The measure of a bounded surface.

area The measure of the surface inside a closed boundary. A=1xW

area model A model for multiplication problems, in which the length and width of a rectangle represents the factors and the area represents the product. 3 X 5 = 15

arithmetic fact Any of the basic addition and multiplication relationships and the corresponding subtraction and division relationships = – 9 = 7 2 X 3 = 6 6 ÷ 2 = 3

arm span The distance from fingertip to fingertip of a person’s outstretched arms.

array A rectangular arrangement of objects in rows and columns. } column { row

arrows The links representing the rule that determines which numbers go in the frames of a Frames-and-Arrows diagram. Rule + 5 arrow arrow rule

arrow path A route to follow on a number grid

arrow rule The operation that determines the number that goes in the next frame in a Frames-and-Arrows diagram. Rule + 3 arrow arrow rule

associative property A property of addition and multiplication (but not of subtraction or division) that says that changing the grouping of the elements being added or multiplied will not change the sum or product. (4+3)+7=4+(3+7)

attribute A feature of an object or a common feature of a set of objects. color size shape number of sides

average A typical or middle value for a set of numbers which is found by adding the numbers in the set and dividing the sum by the number of numbers. 2, 4, 5, 9, 10 = ÷ 5 = 6 The average is 6.

axis Either of the two number lines used to form a coordinate grid.

ballpark estimate A rough estimate used as a check on the reasonableness of an answer or when an exact figure is not necessary = =70

bank draft A written order for the exchange of money. $1000 bills are no longer in use, so bank drafts are used instead.

bar graph A graph that shows the relationships among variables by the use of bars to represent quantities.

base 1.Any side of a polygon, usually used, along with the altitude perpendicular to it, for computing area. 2. The flat face of faces that define the shape when classifying polyhedrons. base

base ten The familiar numeral system, consisting of the ten digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and a method of assigning values to these digits depending on where they appear in a number.

base 10 shorthand A system to represent base 10 blocks

base of a parallelogram One of the sides of a parallelogram; also the length of this side.

base of a polygon The side on which the polygon “sits”; the side that is perpendicular to the height of the polygon.

base of a polyhedron The “bottom” face of a polyhedron; the face whose shape is the base for classifying a prism or pyramid.

base of a rectangle One of the sides of a rectangle; also length of this side. The length of the side perpendicular to the base is the height of a rectangle.

base of 3-dimensional figure One face or a pair of faces on the figure. The height is the length of a line segment drawn perpendicular to a base of the figure that extends from the base to the opposite face or vertex.

base of a triangle One of the sides of a triangle; also, the length of its side. The shortest distance between the base and the vertex opposite the base is the height of a triangle.

benchmark An important or memorable count or measure that can be used to evaluate the reasonableness of other counts or measures.

big cube The term for the 10 cm by 10 cm base 10 block. A big cube is worth 1,000 cm cubes.

bisect To divide a segment, angle, or figure into two parts of equal measure.

capacity A measure of how much a container can hold, usually in units such as quarts, gallons, cups, or liters.

Celsius The temperature scale on which 0 is the temperature that pure water freezes and 100 it boils. Celsius scale is used in the metric system. 0 0

centimeter (cm) In the metric system a unit of length equivalent to 10 millimeters,(1/10) of a decimeter, and (1/100) of a meter.

centimeter cube The term for the smallest of the base- 10 blocks, measuring 1 cm on each edge.

chance The possibility of an outcome in an uncertain event.

change diagram A diagram used to represent situations in which quantities are either increased or decreased. Start 14 End 9 Change – 5 = 9

circle The set of all points in a plane that are equally distant from a given point in the plane called the center of the circle.

circle The set of all points in a plane that are equally distant from a given point in the plane called the center of the circle.

circle graph A graph in which a circle and its interior are divided into parts to represent the pairs of a set of data. The circle represents the whole set of data.

circumference The distance around a circle or sphere.

Class Data Pad A large pad of paper where data collected by the class can be stored for use (and review) throughout the year.

column A vertical arrangement of objects or numbers in an array or table. } column { row

column-addition method A method for adding numbers in which the addends’ digits are first added in each place-value column separately, and then 10-for-1 trades are made until each column has only one digit. Lines are drawn to separate the place value columns.

common Shared by two or more numbers. A common denominator of two fractions is any non zero number that is a multiple of the denominators of both fractions. A common factor of two numbers is any number that is a factor of both numbers.

commutative property A property of addition and multiplication (but not of subtraction or division) that says that changing the order of the elements being added or multiplied will not change the sum or product. 8+7=15 7+8=15

comparison diagram A diagram used to represent situations in which two quantities are compared. Quantity 12 Quantity 9 ? 12 = 9 + ?

compass a)A device for drawing circles. b) A navigational device that points to Earth's magnetic North Pole.

complementary angles Two angles whose measures total 90. o

composite number A whole number that is more than two whole-number factors.

concave (no convex) polygon A polygon in which at least one vertex is “pushed in.”

concentric circles Circles that have the same center but radii of different lengths.

congruent Two figures that are identical— the same size and shape.

cone A 3-dimensional shape having a circular base, a curved surface, and one vertex, called the apex. base curved surface apex

consecutive Following one another in an uninterrupted order. A, B, C, D, E 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

consecutive angles Two angles that are “next to each other”; they share a common side.

constant A number used over and over with an operation performed on many numbers. 3 X 1 = 3 4 X 1 = 4 5 X 1 = 5

conversion fact

convex polygon A polygon in which all vertices are “pushed outward.”

coordinate A number used to locate a point on a number line, or either of two numbers used to locate a point on a coordinated grid.

coordinate grid A device for locating points in a plane by means of ordered number pairs or coordinates.

corner The point at which the rays or line segments of an angle, side of a polygon, or other edge of a polyhedron meet. corner

corresponding angles Any pair of angles in the same relative position in two figures, or in similar locations in relation to a transversal intersection two lines.

corresponding sides Any pair of sides in the same relative position in two figures.

counting numbers The numbers used to count things. Sometimes 0 is included with the counting numbers. {1, 2, 3,4,...}

counting numbers The numbers used to count things. The set of counting numbers is {1,2,3,4,…}. All counting numbers are integers and rational numbers, but not all integers or rational numbers are counting numbers.

counting numbers The numbers used to count things. All counting numbers are integers and rational numbers, but not all integers or rational numbers are counting numbers. {1, 2, 3,4,...}

cubes A polyhedron with six square faces. One regular polyhedron.

cubic centimeter (cm ) A metric unit of volume; the volume of a cube 1 centimeter on a side. 1 cubic centimeter is equal to 1 milliliter. 3

cubic unit A unit used in a volume and capacity measurement.

cubit An ancient unit of length, measured from the point of the elbow to the end of the middle finger.

cup In the U.S. customary system, a unit of capacity equal to 8 fluid ounces; ½ pint.

curved surface or face A surface which does not lie in a plane.

customary system The measuring system used most often in the U.S. length inches feet yards miles capacity ounces cups pints quarts gallons tea spoons table spoons weight ounces pounds tons

customary system The measuring system used most often in the U.S. length inches feet yards miles capacity ounces cups pints quarts gallons tea spoons table spoons weight ounces pounds tons

cylinder A 3-dimensional shape having a curved surface and parallel circular or elliptical bases that are the same size.

data Information gathered by observing, counting, or measuring.

deci- Prefix meaning one-tenth..10

decimal A number written in standard notation, usually one containing a decimal point. $ =. 50

decimal point The mark that separates the whole number from the fraction in decimal notation. It separates the dollars from the cents. $ =. 50

decimal point The period which separates the whole number from the fraction in decimal notation. $ =. 50

decimeter (dm) Metric unit measuring length equivalent to 1/10 of a meter or 10 centimeters.

deficient number A number for which the sum of all the proper factors is less than the number. 10 is a deficient number the sum of its proper factors is = 8 8 is less than 10

degree ( ) A unit for measuring temperature. 21 o 32 o

degree ( ) A unit of measure for angles; based on dividing a circle into 360 equal parts.

denominator The number written below the line in a fraction denominator