Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography Biological Psychiatry 42 495-508 Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers Introduction is there a biological basis for criminality? PET scans radioactive labels on: blood/blood sugars dopamine (neuro-transmitter)  gamma ray signals 7-8M ps also MRI and fMRI Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk PET scans showing ‘hot spots’ for cognitive activities

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers introduction: problems colourisation v complex  errors 'hot spots' same for 'on & 'off' brain actions practiced brain activity declines in that area 'hottest spots' = only for newest tasks? "it seems we should not let the quality of evidence get in the way of a good story" Banyard and Grayson 2000 Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers PET scan of a subject whilst practicing a new language skill A scan of the same subject demonstrating this skill after it had become familiar Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers the study: subjects 41 people: 39M 2F charged with murder pleading not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) all referred for PET for legal reasons average age 34.3 Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers the study: subjects’ medical histories schizophrenia 6 head injury/organic brain damage 23 drug abuse 3 affective disorder 2 epilepsy 2 hyperactivity or learning disorder 3 personality disorder 2 Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers the study: controls 1 for each subject matched for age / sex schizophrenics with non-murderer schizophrenics all controls screened for mental/physical health Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers the study: the PET process injection with glucose tracer 32 mins on target recognition task NRGI/controls compared re 14 L&R brain areas 6 cortical: inc prefrontal; parietal; temporal; occipital 8 sub cortical: inc corpus callosum; amygdala; hippocampus Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers the study: ANOVA statistical comparison ANalysis Of VAriance compares a range of factors Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers results: cortical areas differences in activity in lobes of cerebral cortex cf controls; parietal & pre-fontal: less activity =? occipital: more activity =? temporal: same =? Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers results: sub cortical areas less activity in corpus callosum cf controls a sub-cortical area =? cf Sperry Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers results: sub cortical areas imbalance between hemispheres cf controls in; amygdala; hippocampus – less activity L / more R thalamus - more activity R / same L handedness made no difference ethnicity made no difference head injury patients’ corpus callosum only difference Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers discussion: authors (1) supports previous findings; amygdala (part of limbic system) differences (linked to emotions; lack of fear) corpus callosum differences linked to lack of long term perspective? cautious about implications Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers discussion: authors (2) results; do not show violence is only biological in origin do not show NGRIs not responsible for their own actions do no say anything about causes of differences cannot be generalised from NGRIs to other violent offenders cannot be generalised to other types of crime Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers discussion: other issues imaging methods still being developed pre-scan task no bearing on violent behaviour NGRIs not necessarily charged with violent act cause  effect of brain differences unclear Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers discussion: practical applications diagnosis of criminality? no clear evidence to support this treatment of criminality Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk

Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers discussion: summary data unclear differences small cause-effect unknown meaning of differences unknown Mark Souter psychlotron.org.uk