Global and Regional Forest Land Tenure System In-depth review Don Gilmour, David Cassells, Tint Thaung Kunming, July

CONTENTS TRENDS KEY ISSUES PRINCIPLES PROCESS

TRENDS Significant and radical changes in forest tenure arrangement during past two decades State ownership and management still dominate but A significant move towards ownership, management rights to households, communities, indigenous groups and others

OWNERSHIP TREND Figure 4-5. Change of forest ownership ( ) World public 1990 public 2005 private 1990 private 2005

OWNERSHIP

MANAGEMENT TREND AfricaAsiaEuropeNorth and Central America South AmericaEurope - Russia state 1990 state 2005 individuals 1990 individuals 2005 corporate 1990 corporate 2005 communities 1990 communities 2005

KEY ISSUES Overlap between customary and state defined area Gender imbalance Need investment of time and resources from key stakeholders Fraught with many risks and uncertainties, and frequently leads to unintended consequences Lack of Good governance that is critical to achieving forest management objectives Lack of an enabling and enforcing regulatory framework Complex compliance procedures Technical complexity Historical, Social, cultural, economic and political uniqueness of each country Limited knowledge about rights and responsibilities of key stakeholders EMERGING Growing demand on SFM and legally traded timber Multiple functions of the Forests particularly for Climate change mitigation

PRINCIPLES 1.Holistic approach 2.Tenure Security 3.Regulatory Framework 4.Compliance Procedure 5.Minimum standards for forest management 6.Customary rights and systems 7.Governance 8.Social equity 9.Capacity building 10.Adaptive action learning approach to forest tenure reform

WIDER APPROACH Governance Tenure Regulatory Framework Forest Management Objectives (e.g. SFM, economic development, improved livelihoods, rights of indigenous peoples, etc.)

KEY ELEMENTS OF PROCESS OF TENURE REFORM Analyse contexts Determine new or revised objectives for forest management in the contemporary political and development context Consider tenure models to achieve forest management objectives Revise/reform regulatory framework Modify governance arrangements to support the reformed regulatory framework Analyse regulatory framework applied to other sectors Review implementation experiences Support implementation of reformed tenure arrangements Raise awareness of reformed tenure arrangements Build capacity of key stakeholders

TAKE HOME NOTES Forest Tenure Reform is a process not a static Complex and diversifying tenure systems Tenure reform has a human right perspective not only biophysical and economic Learning by doing (Action research) and Adaptive Management Part of a national development agenda (wider approach) A key for the success of emerging REDD mechanism in climate change mitigation and adaptation