Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 2 Biological and Environmental Foundations This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Genotypes and Phenotypes Genetic make-up of an individual Phenotype Observable characteristics of an individual Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Genetic Foundations Chromosomes – store and transmit genetic information. Genes – segments of DNA located along the chromosomes DNA – substance of which genes and chromosomes are made. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Genetic Foundations Chromosomes – store and transmit genetic information. Genes – segments of DNA located along the chromosomes Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Genetic Foundations Chromosomes – each person has 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in both males and females. The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, differ between males and females. Females have two copies of the X chromosome, while males have one X and one Y chromos Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Genetic Foundations DNA –form units called base pairs, and are attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, called a Nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Dominant-Recessive Inheritance Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

X-Linked Inheritance Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Genetic Imprinting and Mutation Chemical marker that activates either father’s or mother’s gene. Often temporary. Mutation Sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Genetic Imprinting The Human Genome Project and Genomic Research http://www.mydna.com/genes/genetics/genetics101/humangenome_research.html The Human Genome Project was an international research effort to determine the sequence of the human genome and identify the genes that it contains. The Project was coordinated by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Genetic Imprinting and Mutation http://www.mydna.com/genes/genetics/genetics101/geneticdisorders_family.html http://www.mydna.com/genes/genetics/genetics101/chromosomechanges.html myDNA.com - Inheritance of Genetic Disorders . Mutation Sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Chromosomal Abnormalities Down Syndrome – results from problems with the 21st chromosome. Sex Chromosome Abnormalities – problems with the X or Y chromosomes Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Prenatal Diagnostic Methods Amniocentesis Chorionic Villus Sampling Fetoscopy Ultrasound Maternal Blood Analysis Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Reproductive Technologies Donor Insemination In Vitro Fertilization Surrogate Mother New Technologies Find pic. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Adoption and Adjustment Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Environmental Contexts for Development Family Socioeconomic Status Neighborhoods Towns and Cities Cultural Context Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Family Influences on Development Direct Two-person relationships Indirect Third Parties Adapting to Change Changes from within and outside the family Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning Timing of Family Life Cycle Values and Expectations Father’s Involvement Communication and Discipline Styles Children’s Cognitive Development Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Who is Poor? 12% of U.S and Canadian population Parents under age 25 with young children Elderly living alone, especially women Ethnic Minorities Women Children Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Children in Poverty: U.S. and Canada Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Individualist and Collectivist Societies People think of themselves as separate from other people. Concerned with personal goals. Collectivist People define themselves as part of a group. Concerned with group goals over individual goals. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Social Policies and Poverty in Late Adulthood Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

How Much Does Heredity Contribute to Behavior? Heritability Estimates Portion of individual differences attributable to genetics. Ranges from 0 to 1.00. Concordance What percent of the time do twins both show a trait? Ranges from 0 to 100%. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Genetic-Environment Correlation Passive Correlation Evocative Correlation Active Correlation Niche-picking Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

The Epigenetic Framework Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004