1. Reproduction, Heredity and Genetics, and Prenatal Development
Chapter 3
Reproduction, Heredity and Genetics, and Prenatal Development

2. Reproduction
Process by which organisms create more organisms of own kind.
Male and female gametes or sex cells:
Sperm and ovum create zygote

4. Male Reproductive System
Testes: produce sperm
Penis: Man’s external organ

6. The Female Reproductive System
Ovaries produce ova.
Ovum released approximately every 28 days.
Moves through fallopian tubes where it may be fertilized by sperm.
Uterus prepares itself for conception.
Unfertilized ovum shed; expelled through cervix and vagina.

7. How and When Fertilization Occurs
Menstrual Cycle
Ovulation
Fertilization
Multiple Conception

8. Conceiving or Avoiding Conception
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology
In Vitro Fertilization
Ethical Dilemmas of Baby Making
Birth Control Methods
a. Contraception
b. Abortion

9. Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Preimplantation genetic treatment (PGT)
Ovarian and sperm cryopreservation
Sperm sorting (sperm separation)
Embryo adoption

10. Ethical Dilemmas of Baby Making
ARTs have significantly improved pregnancy rates
Questions:
How long should embryos develop in lab?
Who do embryos belong to?
What type of research is being conducted?

11. Birth Control Methods
Abstinence
Contraception
Abortion

12. The Expanding Reproductive Years
Menstruation can begin at 8 or 9 years of age; average 11 to 12
Advanced technology allows women to choose childbearing after menopause.

13. Heredity and Genetics Heredity: our biological inheritance
Genetics: the scientific study of biological inheritance

14. The Human Genome Project
The sequencing of the genetic blueprint of all the genes on their appropriate chromosomes
Genome is divided into chromosomes
Chromosomes contain genes
Genes are made of DNA

15. What are Chromosomes and Genes?
DNA
Human genome
Mitosis
Meiosis

16. Determination of an Embryo’s Sex
46 chromosomes (23 pairs) 22 are similar in size and shape in both men and women: autosomes
23rd pair: sex chromosome, determines baby’s sex.

18. Principles of Genetics
Gregor Johann Mendel
Dominant and Recessive Characteristics
a. Allele (dominant or recessive)
b. Homozygous characteristic
c. Heterozygous characteristics
d. Polygenic inheritance

20. Phenotypes and Genotypes
Genotype: Actual genetic makeup of organism
Phenotype: Observable characteristics of organism

22. Multifactorial Transmission
Environmental factors interact with genetic factors to produce traits.
Sex-Linked Inherited Characteristics: Genes that are linked or appear on the same chromosome are inherited together: Sex-linked traits.

24. Genetic Counseling and Testing
Genetic Counseling: Helps parents find out risk of passing along a particular disorder or disease.

26. Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
Downs’ Syndrome: Occurs in 1 out of every 800 live births.
In 95% of all cases there are three copies of the 21st chromosome: trisomy 21
Extra chromosome alters course of development and causes physical characteristics.

27. Box: Human Diversity Prenatal diagnosis: Amniocentesis Ultrasonography
Fetoscopy
Chorionic villus biopsy
Maternal blood sampling

28. Prenatal Development Germinal Period: From conception to second week.
Characterized by growth of zygote and establishment of linkage between zygote and support system of mother.

29. Embryonic Period From end of second week to eighth week. Rapid growth
Establishment of a placental relationship with mother
Early structural appearance of all chief organs
Development of recognizable human body.

30. Development during embryonic period
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Critical Period

32. Fetal Period Begins with the ninth week and ends with birth
Characteristics: Organism called a fetus
Major organ systems continue to develop and assume their specialized functions.

34. Loss by Miscarriage
Miscarriage: organism is naturally expelled from uterus before it is viable.

35. Prenatal Environmental Influences
Teratogens: Drugs and other chemical agents that can cause birth defects:
Smoking
Marijuana
Hard Drugs
Alcohol
Oral Contraceptives
Toxins in environment and workplace

37. Maternal Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases:
Rubella and Other Agents
Syphilis
Genital Herpes
HIV/AIDS
Diabetes
Maternal Sensitization: The Rh Factor
Maternal Stress
Maternal Age
Maternal Nutrition and Prenatal Care