1. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 John W. Santrock Biological Beginnings 3

2. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Biological Beginnings What Is the Evolutionary Perspective? What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development?What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development? What Are Some Reproductive Challenges and Choices?What Are Some Reproductive Challenges and Choices? How Do Heredity and Environment Interact? The Nature-Nurture DebateHow Do Heredity and Environment Interact?

3. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior Stories of the Jim and Jim Twins –Identical twins separated after birth –Identical lifestyles after 39 years apart –Part of Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart; other twin sets with similar outcomes What Is the Evolutionary Perspective?

4. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior Natural selection: evolutionary process favors individuals best adapted to survive and reproduce Evolutionary psychology: emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior What Is the Evolutionary Perspective?

5. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Evolutionary Developmental Psychology Extended “juvenile” period evolved Aspects of childhood prepare for adulthood Some childhood characteristics are adaptive at specific points in life Psychological mechanisms evolved as domain-specific What Is the Evolutionary Perspective?

6. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Brain Sizes of Humans and Primates What Is the Evolutionary Perspective? Fig. 3.1

7. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology Evolution gives bodily structures and biological potentials; does not dictate behavior Biology allows broad range of cultural possibilities What Is the Evolutionary Perspective?

8. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 The Genetic Process DNA and the Collaborative Gene –Life begins as a single cell; each has replica of original code –Chromosomes: threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair coming from each parent What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development?

9. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 The Genetic Process DNA: The Collaborative Gene –DNA: complex molecule that contains genetic information –Genes: units of hereditary information composed of DNA; each has its own function What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development?

10. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA Nucleus (center of cell) contains chromosomes and genes Chromosomes are threadlike structures composed of DNA molecules Gene: a segment of DNA (spiraled double chain) containing the hereditary code Cell Chromosomes DNA Fig. 3.2

11. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 The Genetic Process Human Genome Project –Humans have about 25,000 genes –Each gene is dependent, collaborative Mitosis, Meiosis, and Fertilization –Mitosis: cell’s nucleus duplicates itself –Meiosis: cell division to form eggs and sperm (or gametes) What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development?

12. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 The Genetic Process Mitosis, Meiosis, and Fertilization –Reproduction: begins when female gamete (ovum) fertilized by male gamete (sperm) –Zygote: single cell formed through fertilization; 23 pairs of chromosomes What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development?

13. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 The Genetic Process Sources of Variability –Genotype: genetic heritage –Phenotype: genotype expressed in observed and measurable characteristics What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development?

14. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 The Genetic Difference Between Males and Females What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development? The X and Y chromosomes in 23 pairs including sex chromosomes Fig. 3.4

15. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Genetic Principles Dominant-Recessive Genes Principle –Recessive gene is influential only if both genes are recessive Sex-Liked Genes: X-linked inheritance Genetic Imprinting Polygenetic Inheritance What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development?

16. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Genetic Principles b B b B b B Blond hair Brown hair Brown-haired parents can have a blond- haired child: the gene for blond hair is recessive Mother B b Father B b Fig. 3.5

17. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Chromosome Abnormalities Chromosome abnormalities: gamete does not have normal set of 23 Down syndrome: chromosomally transmitted form of mental retardation What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development?

18. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Sex-Linked Chromosome Abnormalities Turner syndrome Disorder in males; extra Y chromosome XYY syndrome Fragile X syndrome Klinefelter syndrome Female disorder; X chromosome missing partially deleted Abnormality in X chromosome; becomes constricted or breaks Disorder in males; extra X chromosome What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development? Fig. 3.6

19. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Gene-Linked Abnormalities Phenylketonuria (PKU): individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid; easily detected and prevented Sickle-cell anemia: affects red blood cells; recessive gene influence Genetic counselors are available What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development?

20. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests Ultrasound sonography: high-frequency sound waves directed into abdomen Chorionic villi sampling: sample of the placenta Amniocentesis: sample of amniotic fluid Maternal blood or triple screening What Are Some Reproductive Challenges and Choices?

21. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Infertility and Reproduction Technology Infertility: inability to conceive after 12 months of regular intercourse In vitro fertilization (IVF) Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) Adoption: screened in/out couples What Are Some Reproductive Challenges and Choices?

22. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Percentage of live births 40 30 20 10 0 50 GIFTZIFTIVF Fig. 3.8 24.5% 29.2% 31% Success Rates of Three Reproductive Techniques

23. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Caring for Children Effective parenting of adopted children –Be supportive and caring –Be involved and monitor the child –Be a good communicator –Help the child develop self-control –Face challenges with a positive approach What Are Some Reproductive Challenges and Choices?

24. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Parenting Adopted Children What Are Some Reproductive Challenges and Choices? InfancyDevelop positive attachment bond Early childhoodFamily differentiation Middle\late childhoodOpen communications AdolescenceProvide support

25. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Behavior Genetics Behavior genetics: influence of heredity and environment on individual trait and developmental differences –Twin studies: compare behavioral similarity of identical (monozygotic) twins with behavioral similarity of fraternal (dizygotic) twins How Do Heredity and Environment Interact? The Nature-Nurture Debate

26. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Behavior Genetics Behavior genetics: influence of heredity and environment on individuals’ differences –Adoption studies: discover whether adopted children are more like adoptive parents or biological parents How Do Heredity and Environment Interact? The Nature-Nurture Debate

27. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Heredity-Environment Correlations Heredity-environment interaction has complexities Individuals influence environments, yet individuals “inherit” environments The three genotype-environment correlations change as children grow How Do Heredity and Environment Interact? The Nature-Nurture Debate

28. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Genotype-Environment Correlations Active (niche-picking) Evocative Passive When children seek out compatible and stimulating environments When genotype elicits certain types of physical and social environments When natural parents provide rearing environment How Do Heredity and Environment Interact? The Nature-Nurture Debate Fig. 3.10

29. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Shared and Nonshared Environmental Experiences Shared environmental experiences: Siblings’ common experiences –Parents’ personalities –Intellectual orientation –Family’s socioeconomic status –Neighborhood How Do Heredity and Environment Interact? The Nature-Nurture Debate

30. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Shared and Nonshared Environmental Experiences Nonshared environmental experiences; the unique child –Within family –Outside family –Not shared by another sibling How Do Heredity and Environment Interact? The Nature-Nurture Debate

31. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31 The Epigenetic View Development is the result of ongoing, bi-directional interchange between heredity and environment How Do Heredity and Environment Interact? The Nature-Nurture Debate

32. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32 Comparison of the Heredity-Environment Correlation and Epigenetic Views Fig. 3.11

33. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 33 Conclusions About Heredity- Environment Interaction Operate cooperatively Relative contributions are not additive Many complex behaviors have some genetic loading How Do Heredity and Environment Interact? The Nature-Nurture Debate

34. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 34 The End 3