Collapse of the Soviet Union

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Presentation transcript:

Collapse of the Soviet Union Chapter 19 Section 4 By: Axel Reed and Ellyn Moll

Unrest in the Soviet Union Nationalists in the Soviet Union wanted freedom after Eastern Europe gained freedom from the Soviet Russians were the largest and most powerful ethnic group out of the one- hundred ethnic groups within the Soviet Non-Russians formed the majority of the one-hundred ethnic groups Tensions between ethnic groups increased as reforms gave more freedom from central control Unrest starts to spread Georgia, Ukraine, and Moldavia called for self-rule, while Muslims of the Soviet Central Asia petitioned for religious freedom

LOL

Boris Yeltsin gained popularity 1940 Soviet Union annexed the Baltic Nations (Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia) after they had been independent states throughout the world wars Gorbachev directed a blockade of the Republic of Lithuania after they declared their independence in 1990 1991 Soviet army attacks civilians at Lithuania’s capital killing 14 and wounding 150+ Gorbachev ordered the attack in fear that other nations would want independence if Lithuania gained theirs Gorbachev’s popularity decreased as the economy didn’t progress and because of the attack on Lithuania Boris Yeltsin gained popularity Was a member of parliament Former mayor of Moscow Yeltsin was Russian Republic’s first directly elected president

Hard Liners (conservatives who opposed reform) Were angry at Gorbachev for pulling out as Eastern Europe’s dominant force Were scared of losing their power and privilages Wanted to overthrow Gorbachev and undo all of his reforms Yeltsin and Gorbachev were enemies, but had common goal of suppressing hard liners While at his vacation home on the Black Sea, hard liners detained Gorbachev and demanded that he resign as the president of the Soviet Union The next day hard liners, who called themselves the State Committee, drove tanks through the city in hopes that fear would great further obedience to them The people rose above their fear and were willing to stand in the way of the State Committee for their freedom Protesters gathered at Yeltsin’s office

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Yeltsin climbed on a tank and spoke to the protesters demanding the country be returned The State Committee ordered their army to attack parliament, but instead withdrew and Gorbachev regained office Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Loose federation of former soviet territories Yeltsin met with leaders of other republics to form the CIS Baltic Republics and Georgia did not join CIS=“good-bye” to the Soviet Union Christmas 1991, Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union

The Yeltsin Era Gorbachev’s resignation made Boris Yeltsin president of the Russian Republic and the most powerful person within the CIS “Shock Therapy”: an abrupt shift to free-market economics Eliminated government involvement in the economy Trade barriers Price controls State-owned industries Inflation rate averaged 800% Factories cut down production or shut down Thousands of people were out of work Economic problems fueled a political crisis Yeltsin is accused of being a dictator Legislators who opposed Yeltsin’s economic policies locked themselves into the parliament building. Yeltsin sent troops into the building forcing them to surrender and some were killed.

War in Chechnya Muslim area in SW Russia Declared their independence, but Yeltsin declined 40,000 troops sent to Chechnya and destroyed the capital, Grozny With re-election approaching, Russia’s people were angered with Yeltsin, and Yeltsin knew the war would have to come to an end Yeltsin signed a peace treaty and was re-elected by the people Right after elections Yeltsin went back to war with Chechnya and as fighting intensified resigned office Premier Vladamir Putin named president by Yeltsin, who forcefully stopped the rebellion in Chechnya Gained popularity from Russian citizens and was reelected in 2000. Economy continued through slump even with a president approved by the people

Former yugoslavia 1989-2000

Yugoslavia Falls Apart Ethnic Conflicts; Serbs, Croats, Muslims, Slovenes, Macedonians, and Montenegrins Yugoslavia formed after WWI Federation of 6 Republics, each with a mixed population Josip Tito led Yugoslavia for 35 years until his death when Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic took control. Ethnic resentments rose Slovakia and Croatia became republics and declared independence Yugoslav army invaded both nations and after bloody fighting, both nations won and gained independence Feb. 1992 Bosnia-Herzegovina declared their independence April, Serbia and Montenegro formed new Yugoslavia Bosnia’s population contained Muslims 44% Serbs 31% Croats 17%

March 1992, Bosnian Serbs, supported by Serbia, launched war Bosnia’s Muslims and Croats were for independence, while Bosnian Serbs were strongly against it March 1992, Bosnian Serbs, supported by Serbia, launched war Ethnic Cleansing: policy intended to rid Bosnia of its Muslim population Used by Serbs for murder and other forms of brutality By 1995 Serbs controlled 70% of Bosnia December 1995 Brokered Peace Treaty signed by leaders involved in the war with U.S. and UN September, Bosnia elected a three-person presidency, one for each ethnic group Nation continues to experience unrest Kosovo, made up of almost entirely Albanians, experiences major violence as independence movements escalate Serbian forces move in with major bloodshed as well Spring of 1999 NATO begins bombing campaign of Yugoslavia Yugoslav leaders removed their troops from Kosovo after two months of constant bombing

Eastern Europe Faces Problems Santa?

Eastern Europe Faces Problems During the 90’s nations of Easter Europe were relatively peaceful compared to Yugoslavia, but faced other problems Lech Walesa, elected president of Poland in ‘91, attempted to use shock therapy, like Yeltsin, to revive Poland’s bankrupt economy 1995 former Communist, Aleksandr Kwasniewski, elected president after the Polish people were impatient of waiting for Walesa’s plans Kwasniewski wanted to combine free market policies with greater social benefits, despite his communist background

Czechoslovakian reformers launch their own shock therapy plan Unemployment rose, hurting Slovakia more than the other 2/3 of the country Differences in economic policy led to divisions between Czech republic and Slovakia President Havel tried to promote unity, but splitting the nation gained too much support President Havel resigned, Czechoslovakia split into two countries on January 1, 1993 Havel was elected president of Czech republic and re-elected in 1998 as well. Each nation had many gains after separation, but still faced obstacles to democracy Ethnic conflicts and economic progress still needed crucial resolving

Key Terms & Themes Shock Therapy CIS Ethnic Cleansing Yeltsin

Changes in government and political process Boris Yeltsin Member of parliament and former mayor of Moscow Russian Republic’s first directly elected president CIS COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES Loose federation of former Soviet territories Lead to death of Soviet Union “Shock Therapy” Abrupt shift to free-market economies First used by Yeltsin Ethnic Cleansing Policy using murder and other forms of brutality against an ethnic group Serbs used it against Bosnian Muslims to rid Bosnia of its Muslim population Changes in government and political process Losing and gaining of power

Questions! Who were the largest and most powerful ethnic group within the Soviet Union? Who was Boris Yeltsin? What were hard liners? What was the CIS and which nations did not want to be apart of it? What were the effects of Yeltsin’s “shock therapy” plan? How many republics did Yugoslavia consist of? Who did the Serbs murder to eliminate their presence in Bosnia? Which nation was bombed constantly for two months and by whom? What was the mood like in the ‘90’s in Eastern Europe compared to Yugoslavia? Why did Czechoslovakia split and who became president of the Czech Republic?

What was the CIS and which nations did not want to be apart of it? Who were the largest and most powerful ethnic group within the Soviet Union? Russians Who was Boris Yeltsin? Member of parliament and former mayor of Moscow First directly elected president of Russian Republic First to use “shock therapy” What were hard liners? Conservatives who opposed reform What was the CIS and which nations did not want to be apart of it? (Commonwealth of Independent States) Loose federation of former Soviet Territories Baltic Republics and Georgia What were the effects of Yeltsin’s “shock therapy” plan? Inflation rate averaged 800% Factories cut down production or shut down Thousands of people were out of work Economic problems fueled a political crisis Yeltsin is accused of being a dictator

How many republics did Yugoslavia consist of? Six Who did the Serbs murder to eliminate their presence in Bosnia? Bosnian Muslims Which nation was bombed constantly for two months and by whom? Yugoslavia by NATO What was the mood like in the ‘90’s in Eastern Europe compared to Yugoslavia? Nations were relatively stable and did not experience widespread violence Why did Czechoslovakia split and who became president of the Czech Republic? Slovakia was hit harder by unemployment and could not agree on economic policy Václav Havel

Works Cited Beck, Roger B. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, 2005. Print. United States of America. The White House. The President. System II. By Ronald Reagan. Web. 17 May 2012. <http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB238/usdocs/Doc%201a%20(letter%20Reagan-Gorby%2004.10.87).pdf>.