Biomass Resource Potential and Sustainable Use in Selected Asian Countries Dr. P. Abdul Salam Energy Field of Study Asian Institute of Technology International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November 2009, AIT Conference Centre

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Outline of the Presentation Important of Biomass Biomass Energy Potential & Status of Usage Strategies for Sustainable Bioenergy Development and Use Barriers to Biomass Energy Technologies (BETs) and Strategies for Promoting the BETs. AIT’s Experience in promoting BETs. 2

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Important of Biomass Biomass is a “carbon- neutral” renewable energy source Development of bioenergy industry contributes to: – Combating climate change by cutting GHG emissions – Securing energy supply by reducing dependency on foreign oil reserves – Stimulating rural economy by providing new markets and employment opportunities for the rural sector. – Increase the share of renewable resources (e.g. construction, manufacturing etc.) – Broader goal of sustainable development. 3

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre 44 Country/RegionBiomassConventi onal Energy Biomass share (%) BiomassConventi onal Energy Biomass share (%) China , Asia , Latin America Africa Total non OECD , ,0975, OECD countries , , World , ,1939, Year 2000Projected for Year 2020 Source: Karekezi et. al (2004) Biomass Consumption in Relation to Total Energy Use (in mtoe)

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Biomass as Percentage of Total Energy Mix in Selected Asian Countries Countries Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam Source: ACE (2002) 5

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Total non-plantation Bioenergy Potential in the Selected Asian Countries (PJ, Year 2010) Source: Bhattacharya, Salam et al. (2005) Type of BiomassChinaIndiaPhilippinesSri LankaThailand Agricultural residues Waste water Black liquor Palm oil1.3 Animal manure MSW Fuelwood released through efficiency improvement Fuelwood released through substitution by other fuels Total PJ = approx. 24 ktoe

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Electricity Generation Potential from Sustainable Biomass Production (under different scenarios) Source: Bhattacharya, Salam et al. (2005) CountrySurplus biomass for energy (Mt/yr) Electricity Generation Potential (TWh/yr) (BIGCC Power Plant) Percentage of Total Electricity Generation in 2000 China – – 27.2 India62 – – Philippines – – 78.8 Sri Lanka – – Thailand11.6 – – –

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Biofuels Production Potential Source: USAID,

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Biofuels Production Potential Under Different Scenarios by 2040 (millions of litres) Source: USAID,

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre 10  = 14.3% Lao-traditional stove  = 17.5% Lao-improved charcoal stove  = 11% Cambodian traditional stove  = 25.2% Indian “harsha” cookstove  = 9.5% Malaysian traditional  = 19.7% Malaysian improves stove  = 13% Nepalese one-pot ceramic  = 13% Nepalese two-pot ceramic  = 15% Nepalese two-pot metallic  = 12% Philippines traditional  = 23% QB Philippines Charcoal/wood  = 15%  = 17.5% Vietnamese traditional & improved cookstove Selected Asian Cook Stoves

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre 11  = 14% Thai-bucket stove  = 11.2%  = 11.4% Roi-et clay & cement stove  = 12% Traditional rungsit stove  = 18.2% Bang sue stove  = 21.7% Bang sue modified stove  = 15% RTFD improved- charcoal stove  = 20.2% Saengpen, narn charcoal-wood (clay)  = 17.5% Saengpen, nam charcoal-wood (cement) Thai Cook Stoves

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Biomass Power Projects in South East Asia Source: Carlos & Khang, CountryNo. of ProjectsTotal Capacity NumberPercentageMWPercentage Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand , Vietnam Total

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Fuel Used in the Different Biomass Power Plants in South East Asia Source: Carlos & Khang, 2008 FuelProject Size < 5 MW5-10 MW10-15 MW15-20 MW> 20MW Number of Projects Rice husk Bagasse Palm oil waste Wood waste Biogas70000 Others40102 Total

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Socioeconomic Issues and Policy Areas Implicated in the Development of Bioenergy Industry Bio Energy Land Use Waste Management Housing & Planning Food Supply & Safety Agriculture Heat & Electricity Transport Industry & Infrastructure Trade Climate Change Biodiversity & Environmental Health Energy Public Attitude & Behavior Source: ESRC (2007) 14

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Strategies for Sustainable Bioenergy Development and Use Coordination of bioenergy research, development and implementations among academic, industrial, public sector and policy circles. Mapping out bioenergy issues from number of perspectives Identifying possible tensions, synergies and opportunities Considering governance frameworks, policy targets, financial incentives and stakeholder relationships Developments in science and technology. 15

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Divergent Policies Needed for Sustainable Biomass Use Agriculture and Forestry Policy – additional income for farmers Environmental Policy – Reducing the ecological impacts of biomass routes on water, soil, biodiversity, air quality etc. – Increasing the share of biomaterials within the industrial use Energy Policy – reducing fossil energy use and substitution of imported energy Climate Policy – Searching for means to reduce sectoral or over all GHG emissions 16

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Divergent Policies Needed for Sustainable Biomass Use Industrial Policy – focussing on technological opportunities and prospects for commercialization of biomass technologies. Regional Policy – Emphasizing the contribution of biomass options to regional development Foreign Policy – Geopolitical implications of energy supply and possible role of biomass to mitigate related tensions and risks Trade Policy – Emerging biomass markets for the agricultural sector as a chance to increase multilateral trade Source: Wuppertal (2007) 17

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Policies to Promote Biofuels in Asia Source: USAID,

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Main Barriers to Use of Biomass as Fuel High investment cost Low conversion efficiency Difficulties in transportation Price of biomass residues Seasonal dependency for the production of biomass Moisture content 19

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Major Barriers to Selected Biomass Energy Technologies and Strategies for Promoting Them a) Improved Cookstoves (ICS) BarriersStrategies/Measures Initial costEstablish micro-financing entities Lack of awareness of health impactPublicity campaign, integrate with rural development efforts Lack of suitable design for local habits/traditions in some countries R & D, certification, train stove manufacturers b) Gasifiers BarriersStrategies/Measures Lack of reliable designs and successful references in some countries Technology transfer, R&D, certification Demonstration plants Training of technicians and entrepreneurs 20

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Major Barriers to Selected Biomass Energy Technologies and Strategies for Promoting Them c) Biogas Digestors BarriersStrategies/Measures Lack of reliable designs and successful references Technology transfer, R &D, Certification, demonstration, training of technicians High cost Subsidy, use of slurry as fertilizer, integrate with rural development efforts d) Cogeneration and Power Generation BarriersStrategies/Measures Lack of successful referencesDemonstration High risk investmentFinancial incentives, power purchase agreements and reasonable power purchase rate High transaction costStandardize power purchase agreement 21

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Major Barriers to Selected Biomass Energy Technologies and Strategies for Promoting Them e) All Biomass Energy Technologies BarriersStrategies/Measures Subsidy for fossil fuelsAbolish subsidy Lack of national Renewable Energy coordinating agency Establish a national Renewable Energy coordinating agency Lack of national technical expertise Human resource development, regional networking High costIntroduce subsidy for initial market development, standardized procedures and agreements Lack of information/awarenessTechnology assessment, publicity campaign, demonstration 22

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre AIT’s Initiative on Climate Change Research Centre of Excellence on “Sustainable Development in the Context of Climate Change” There are six sub thematic areas of research: – Vulnerability and Disaster Risk Reduction – Water Resources and Coastal Adaptation – Urban and Rural Sustainability – Low Carbon Society and Renewable Technology – Agriculture, Land Use and Forestry – Cleaner Production and Waste Refinery 23

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre AIT’s Experience in the Research, Development and Dissemination of RETs in the Region AIT’s Energy Field of Study established in 1979 and carry out capacity building, research and dissemination activities on RETs. Two recent regional research and dissemination programmes (funded by Sida): – Renewable Energy Technologies in Asia: A Regional Research and Dissemination Programme (RETs in Asia) – Asian Regional Research Programme in Energy, Environment and Climate (ARRPEEC) 24

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Renewable Energy Technologies in Asia: A Regional Research and Dissemination Programme (1997 – 2004) Countries (6) Bangladesh Cambodia Lao PDR Nepal Philippines Vietnam National Research Institutes (13) Technologies Studied: Biomass briquetting Biomass gasifier stove Solar, biomass and hybrid dryers PV lighting, battery charging 25

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Institutional Framework in Renewable Energy Technology Improvement and Its Dissemination RETs were designed and adapted to the local conditions and requirements. Demonstration systems were installed to promote technical and financial viability of RETs. Construction, operation and maintenance manuals were prepared and disseminated to entrepreneurs and users. Technology transfer programs were organized among the participating institutions. Training programs were conducted for entrepreneurs, users and technicians. Results of the programme were disseminated to researchers, policy makers, entrepreneurs and users through publications, conferences, seminars and other media. 26

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Biomass Energy Technologies Development and Dissemination Activities at AIT Solar – Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Solar-Biomass Hybrid Tunnel Dryer 27

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Biomass Energy Technologies Development and Dissemination Activities at AIT 28

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Asian Regional Research Programme in Energy, Environment and Climate (ARRPEEC) (1995 – 2006) Countries Involved (7) China India Indonesia Sri Lanka Philippine Thailand Vietnam National Research Institutes (23) Sectors Studied: Power Sector Transportation Sector Small and Medium Industries Biomass Energy in Asia Activities Research Training Dissemination 29

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre Dissemination Activities – Reports/Books etc. Thank you