INTEGRATED PLANNING: THE LINKS BETWEEN URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT, SANITATION AND ENERGY
Issues and challenges Global trend – rapid increase in volumes and changing characteristics of municipal solid waste Average annual increases in China Non-industrial waste water: 6.4 % - Municipal solid waste: 13 % E-waste: China produced 2.3 million tons in 2011 but 70% of global e-waste ends up there
MSW varies by GDP level Types of MSW produced change according to the standard of living in the city
Financial, environmental and health impacts In developing countries, MSW management costs % of city budget But often only covers 50 % of urban population In low-income countries, MSW collection alone drains % of waste management budgets Open dumps and open burning continue to be the primary method of MSW disposal in most developing countries; hazards to human health
Conventional urban waste management Focuses largely on waste collection, treatment (composting and incineration) and disposal (landfills) Little or no resource value since no separation of wastes occurs No attention to new waste streams Landfill leachate pollutes ground water Health hazards to waste workers; child labor
Integrated solid waste management Waste prevention: more sustainable production processes Waste minimization: ex. Reduction of packaging Waste separation and recycling of valuable resources (e.g., plastics, glass, metals, biogas, e-waste) Re-use (ex. construction waste, also example of cement plant) Waste to energy schemes using high calorific value fraction of waste (incineration for electricity production or biogas generation) Composting of biodegradable waste for fertilizer Sanitary disposal: environmentally designed landfills reduce impacts
Utilization of wastes and by-products in a cement factory
Policy options for urban waste management Developing meaningful partnerships with private sector to take pressure off public services and financing, and boost the local economy Organize informal workers and communities for effective implementation of ISWM and 3Rs, particularly to increase recycling Reducing MSW and aiming for “zero waste” (e.g., extended producer responsibility, such as vehicle tires and batteries)
Policy options (cont.) Capturing energy from the waste stream Incineration of high calorific value waste for electricity generation Gasification of sewage sludge Capture and use of landfill gas New industrial process: plastics yield bio-diesel Increasing the reuse of by- products and waste by industry (ex. Re-use of construction waste)
Key takeaway points Integrated urban planning is the key to sustainability Engage all city departments in city planning, as operations will be increasingly linked Sustainability yields enormous economic, social and environmental benefits
Thank you Mohan Peck UN Consultant Shanghai Manual: A Guide for Sustainable Urban Development in the 21 st Century