Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research Chapter 4 © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Chapter Outlines Dream interpretation Defense mechanisms Humor Hypnosis © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 3

Dream Interpretation Notion that dreams contain hidden psychological meaning Individual’s dreams provide clues about what’s in individual’s unconscious Used by therapists from different perspectives as a therapeutic tool Questions addressed in the research What do people dream about? Why do people dream? © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 4

Dream Interpretation Dream contains images or evokes emotions that people feel must mean something Traditional Freudian therapist suggests that objects and people in a dream are symbols Sexual symbols © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 5

Dream Interpretation Recurrent dream Occurs because conflict expressed in the dream is important yet remains unresolved Occurs due to the anxiety people experience during the day © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 6

Function of Dreams Allow the symbolic expression of unconscious impulses Provide a safe and healthy outlet for expressing unconscious conflicts © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 7

REM Sleep Refers to rapid eye movement Called paradoxical sleep Muscles are relaxed but brain activity will be similar to that of waking state Filled with dreams Research indicates that People deprived of REM sleep one night respond by increasing their amount of REM sleep the next night © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 8

Interpreting the Evidence Researchers produced a number of findings consistent with Freud’s speculations Content of our dreams is not random Dreaming serves positive psychological functions Researchers uncovered the results that are difficult to explain within Freudian theory © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 9

Defense Mechanisms Unconscious efforts to conceal painful thoughts Repression - Cornerstone of psychoanalysis Based on psychoanalytic approach: Ego consists of tools to fend off anxiety and guilt Regularly employed in life without awareness © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 10

Identifying and Measuring Defense Mechanisms Done by investigators through: Interpreting responses to Rorschach inkblots or to stories Using responses to Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) picture cards Researchers developed coding systems to convert responses into scores indicating: Extent to which test takers use various defense mechanisms © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 11

Figure 4.1 - Men’s Use of Identification as a Function of Feedback Source: Adapted from Cramer (1998b). © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 12

Developmental Differences Research indicates that young children rely on denial Denial - Consists of disavowing certain facts, from failure to see reality to distorting one’s memory Reduces anxiety associated with a traumatic event Mature children find denial of facts and feelings to be ineffective © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 13

Developmental Differences Older children turn to projection to alleviate their anxieties and inward fears Projection - Protects from threatening anxiety by attributing unacceptable thoughts and feelings to others Use of defense mechanisms other than denial and projection indicates emotional maturity © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 14

Defensive Style Individual patterns Relying on some defense mechanisms more than others Rationalizing away the misdeeds and mistakes Displacing anger and projecting own suspicions and fears onto others Tells about a person’s general well-being © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 15

Defensive Style Defense mechanism being adaptive or maladaptive depends on a function of: How often the person relies on it How old that person is Anna Freud suggested that defense mechanisms are maladaptive when used past an appropriate age Explains how people react to common sources of stress © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 16

Freud’s Theory of Humor Concerned with tendentious jokes Provide insight into the unconscious of the joke teller and the person who laughs Identified jokes dealing with hostility and sex Aggressive jokes allow the expression of impulses ordinarily held in check Laughter after a hostile or sexual joke is rarely justified by the humor content of the joke © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 17

Freud’s Theory of Humor Catharsis: Reduction of pent up tension by reaction of any means Is a reason for laughter on jokes People derive pleasure from many jokes because they reduce tension and anxiety © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 18

Research on Freud’s Theory of Humor Research suggests that people find aggressive and sexual themes funny Participants rate cartoons containing aggression or sex as funnier than other cartoons © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 19

Research on Freud’s Theory of Humor Hypotheses derived from Freud’s theory of humor have been supported in empirical studies Men and women in a study were presented with a series of hostile jokes and cartoons Consistent with Freud’s observations, both enjoyed humor aimed at the opposite sex © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 20

Reducing Aggression With Hostile Humor Hostile humor has tension reducing capabilities Caution should be exercised on using appropriate kind of humor when dealing with angry audience © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 21

Level of Tension and Funniness More tension people experience before a punch line, the funnier they’ll find the joke Pleasure derived from the release of tension leads to the enjoyment of the joke © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 22

Figure 4.3 - Perceived Funniness as a Function of Tension © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 23

Interpreting the Findings on Freud’s Theory of Humor People find jokes and cartoons funnier when they contain sexual and aggressive themes People appear to enjoy hostile humor more when it is aimed at someone they dislike Hostile humor may reduce tension Jokes are funnier when the listener’s tension level is built up before the punch line © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 24

Interpreting the Findings on Freud’s Theory of Humor Research indicates that laughter is an effective means to combat daily tension and stressful events © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 25

Hypnosis Induction procedure in which people are told about being hypnotized and are suggested to perform certain tasks Tasks range from simple ones used in hypnosis research to entertaining performances of stage hypnosis © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 26

Applications of Hypnosis Performing dental work without the aid of painkillers Used by police investigators to help witnesses remember crime details Psychotherapists use it for dealing with a wide variety of client problems © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 27

Different Views on Hypnosis Cognitive and Social Theorists Psychoanalytic Theorists Hypnosis taps an aspect of the human mind that is otherwise difficult to reach Participants experience an altered state of consciousness, like sleeping Reject the notion that hypnotized people operate under an altered state of awareness Assert that things people do under hypnosis can be explained in terms of basic psychological processes © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 28

Neodissociation Theory Psychoanalytic view on hypnosis Deeply hypnotized people experience a division of their conscious mind Hypnotized part enters a type of altered state Another part remains aware of what is going on during the hypnotic session Acts as a hidden observer © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 29

Sociocognitive Theories of Hypnosis Challenged the notion that hypnosis involved a state of consciousness different than being awake Concepts of expectancy, motivation, and concentration are used to account for hypnotic phenomena Sociocognitive theorists: Criticized hidden observer demonstrations © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 30

Sociocognitive Theories of Hypnosis Argued that the psychoanalytic position sometimes becomes circular Countered unusual behavior under hypnosis with demonstrations of the same phenomena without hypnosis Challenged the accuracy of the participants’ descriptions Were skeptical of participants’ reports concerning posthypnotic amnesia © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 31

Hypnotic Responsiveness Varies amongst indiviudals Achieved by: Defining the situation as hypnosis Securing cooperation and establishing trust before beginning Freud observed that: Hypnotizing neurotics is difficult Insane are completely resistant to hypnosis © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 32

Hypnotic Responsiveness Predicted by an individual’s ability to become immersed in a role Absorption Personality trait that predicts hypnotic responsiveness High scores indicate ability to become: Highly involved in sensory and imaginative experiences More responsive to hypnotic suggestions © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 33

Hypnotic Responsiveness Important variables affecting hypnotic responsiveness Attitude Motivation Expectancy © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 - 34