1. Psychoanalytic Therapy

2. Levels of Consciousness
Sensations and experiences that the person is aware of any point in time
Preconscious
Memories of events and experiences that can easily be recalled with little effort
Unconscious
The container for memories and emotions that are threatening to the conscious mind and must be pushed away (Sharf, 2004)

3. The Structure of Personality
Id — (biological and unconscious component)
Ego — (psychological component)
Superego — (social component)

4. Ego-Defense Mechanisms
Are normal behaviors
Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed
Deny or distort reality while operating on an unconscious level
Have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing reality

5. The Development of Personality
1. Oral Stage (0-1 year): mistrust of others, rejecting others, fear of inability to form intimate relationship.
2. Anal Stage (1-3): learning independence or accepting personal power.
3. Phallic Stage (3-6): how parents respond to child’s sexuality has impacted on later sexual attitudes.
4. Latency Stage (6-12): investing their sexual energy to social acceptable activities.
5. Genital Stage (12-60): the focus of sexual energy is toward members of the other sex.

6. View of human nature Deterministic:
Behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivation, and biological instinctual drives.
The first 6 years of life determined your personality
Libido: a source of motivation and energy

7. Therapeutic Goals Make the unconscious conscious
Strengthen the ego, so that behavior can be more on reality
Explore past to increase self-understanding and gain insight
Conduct a successful analysis in order to change a person’s personality

8. Therapist’s function and role
Foster a transference relationship
Help clients to gain insight and understand “why” for their symptoms
make unconscious conscious
Build relationship, listen, interpret, and pay attentions on resistances
Assess the client’s readiness to change

9. Therapeutic Relationship
Understanding the old pattern, connecting to current issues, and making new choices
Working through the transference relationship
Therapist’s reaction is not equal to transferences
Counter-transference reaction as a therapeutic tool to understand the world of the clients

10. Psychoanalytic Techniques
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Interpretation
Transference
Counter-transference
Resistance

11. Free Association Client reports whatever comes to mind
It opens doors to unconscious wishes, fantasies, conflicts, and motivation.
Content may be bodily sensations, feelings, fantasies, thoughts, memories, recent events, and the therapist.

12. Dream Analysis Dreams provide insights for unresolved issues
Wishes and fears can be revealed in dream
Unacceptable wishes or memories are often expressed in dreams
Dream is a compromise between repressed id and the ego defenses

13. Interpretation
Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meanings of whatever is revealed
Guidelines
Close to conscious awareness
Consider clients’ readiness
Go only as deep as the client is able to go
Point out resistance or defense before interpreting the emotion or conflict that lies beneath it

14. Transference
The client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other
This allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be inaccessible
Analysis of transference allows the client to achieve insight into the influence of the past

15. Counter-transference
The reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity
Different kinds of counter-transference
The irrational reactions of therapists toward the patients
Therapists’ reactions

16. Resistance
Anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the production of unconscious material
Working alliance increased when resistance decreased (Patton, Kivlighan, & Multon, 1997)
Examples?

17. Analysis of resistance
Helps client become aware of the reasons for the resistance (e.g., avoiding pain or anxiety)
Helps the client to see that resistance (e.g., canceling appointments) is a way of defending against anxiety
Resistance interferes with the ability to accept changes

18. From a multicultural perspective
Contribution to multicultural counseling
Help clients to build ego and cultural identity
Help therapists become aware their own source of contertransference, bias, prejudices, and stereotypes.
Limitations for multicultural counseling
Cost, Upper- and middle-class values
Ambigurity (vs. Asian prefers structured and concrete solution)
Blame clients vs. blame external factors (social, cultural, or political factors)