Making medieval culture and traditions alive in our own daysMaking medieval culture and traditions alive in our own days Medieval events chart (IXth to XVIIth century)

IX-th Century First Hungarian attack in Transylvania Depicted by Anonymus in his chronicle “Gesta Hungarorum” Hungarians found here three rulers: Gelu, Glad, Menumorut In the next century, those three were defeated by the Hungarians

Gesta Hungarorum

Ruins of the Biharea fortress, Menumorut’s residence Menumorut was a strong leader, who tried to fight the Hungarians

X-th century Jupan (ruler) Dimitrie ruled in Dobrudja (South- Eastern part of Romania, on the Black Sea Coast) His name can be found on an inscription discovered in today’s Mircea Voda, dating 943 Little is known about Dimitrie or his state

The inscription of 943 The language in the old language of the Slavs, used by the Romanians in the medieval times It seems to be the first written document in this language discovered in our country

The inscription of 943

XI-th century The Roman-Catholic Cathedral “Saint Michael” in Alba-Iulia is built beginning with the XI-th century It was built in Romanic style with Gothic influences added later It was partially destroyed by the Tartars in 1242 Here are the tombs of Iancu of Hunedoara and Ioan Sigismund, rulers of Transylvania

XI-th century Saint Michael Cathedral of Alba-Iulia

XII-th century 1176-the first voievod (ruler, prince) of Transylvania is mentioned in a document His name was Leustachius Transylvania was under the rule of the Hungarian kingdom by that time

XII-th century He was also count of D ă bâca before being ruler of Transylvania Little is known about him and his period as a ruler

XIII-th century Building of the Râ ş nov peasants’ fortress It was built by the inhabitants from Râ ş nov, near the city of Bra ş ov They needed a fortess in order to protect themselves from the attacks of the Tartars and later from the Turks; the Tartars could not conquer the fortress in the 13th century

Râşnov fortress

XIV-th century The Battle of Posada-1330 In 1330, the Hungarian king Carol Robert of Anjou tried to defeat the Romanian ruler Basarab (also named Basarab the I-st the Founder, the first prince of Valachia, the Southern part of Romania) Basarab won and the Romanian state became independent

The battle of Posada Basarab I

Posada The battle is depicted in a Hungarian chronicle (but kept in Vienne)

XV-th century The battle of Podu-Inalt (Vaslui) In 1475, January 10-th, a huge Turkish army tried to conquer Moldavia (the Eastern part of Romania), which was ruled by the greatest medieval prince, Steven the Great. The Turks were badly defeated, but returned the next year

Battle of Podu-Inalt (Vaslui) The monument of Steven the Great on the site of the battle

XVI-th century The battle of Calugareni In 1595, the Turkish army led by Sinan attacked Valachia again The battle took place in Calugareni, on the river Neajlov, in a moor (close to the Danube river) The Romanians under the rule of Michael the Brave won Michael the Great was the first ruler of the three Romanian states (Transylvania, Valachia and Moldavia) in 1600

The battle of Calugăreni The battle depicted in medieval documents

XVII-th century The Bible of Bucharest, 1688 This Bible is the first book written in Romanian The work of translating the Bible into Romanian started during the rule of prince Serban Cantacuzino and finished under the rule of the great prince Constantin Brancoveanu It was translated by a group of scholars It was one of the most important books in the Romanian space in medieval times and helped to the creation of today literary language

Bible of Bucharest Bucharest was the capital of Valachia in medieval and modern times and became the capital of Romania in the XIX-th century

Authors This presentation was made by the “History group” led by Răzvan Ciobanu using materials from different students Andrea Vornicu (English group) helped with the translation