Renewable Energy Integration Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder

Agenda Current and future sources of energy What’s best? Distributed Generation

World primary energy consumption BP website (BP.com)BP.com

World Energy Consumption to

Energy Forecasts by Sector

Primary energy consumed per capita BP website (BP.com)BP.com

World Primary Energy per Capita

Oil & Gas Production Forecasts Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Global Fossil Carbon Emissions Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

Fossil Fuels BP website (BP.com)BP.com

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Coal

Tar Sands

Oil Shale

Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal Large source of atmospheric pollution Create carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) when burned Implicated in global warming Nitrous oxides (NO x ) – smog Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) – acid rain Measurable amounts of radioactive material Naturally present in coal More than a nuclear power plant

Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant CategoryPower Plant100W Light Bulb Power500 MW100 W Energy / year3.5 billion kWh876 kWh Coal / year1.43 million tons714 lbs Sulfur Dioxide / year10,000 Tons5 pounds Nitrogen Oxides / year10,200 Tons5.1 pounds Carbon Dioxide / year3,700,000 Tons1,852 pounds

CO 2 Mitigation Options

Carbon Sequestration Options

Ocean Sequestration

Polk Power Station – Tampa

FutureGen

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Energy Consumption

US Production Cost Comparison

Spent Fuel Cooling Pool

Yucca Mountain Cross Section

Transportation Concerns

Anti-Nuclear Ad

Hydropower

Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams

Wind Energy

US Wind Energy Capacity

MW 350’ kW 265’ MW 600’ Recent Capacity Enhancements

38 cents/kWh Costs Nosedive  Wind’s Success cents/kWh Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal dollars, not including tax credit

Solar Energy Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales

Large Scale Solar

Small Scale Solar

Solar Cell Production Volume Sharp Corporation

PV Cell Efficiencies

Solar Thermal Energy

Oceanic Energy

Tidal Turbines (Swanturbines) Direct drive to generator No gearboxes Gravity base Versus a bored foundation Fixed pitch turbine blades Improved reliability But trades off efficiency

Cross Section of a Tidal Barrage

Tapered Channel (Tapchan)

LIMPET Oscillating Water Column Completed 2000 Scottish Isles Two counter-rotating Wells turbines Two generators 500 kW max power Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

“Mighty Whale” Design – Japan

Ocean Wave Conversion System

World Oceanic Energy Potentials (GW) Source Tides Waves Currents OTEC 1 Salinity World electric 2 World hydro Potential (est) 2,500 GW 2, , ,000 1,000,000 4,000 Practical (est) 20 GW NPA 4 2, Temperature gradients 2 As of Along coastlines 4 Not presently available Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005

Geothermal Energy Plant Geothermal energy plant in Iceland

Geothermal Site Schematic Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2 nd edition, 2004

Methods of Heat Extraction

Global Geothermal Sites

Bioenergy Cycle

Types of Biomass

Municipal Solid Waste

Landfill Gasses Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Hydrogen Economy Schematic

Electrolysis of Water (H 2 O)

Hydrogen Economy

Transporting Hydrogen

UNIDO-ICHET Projection UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

What to do? What’s best?

Distributed Generation

Centralized vs. Distributed Generation

US Net Energy Flows

Power Generation Efficiency

Central Power Generation (today) Remote, Large, Expensive Long Distance Delivery Fossil Fuel Plants Waste Heat (Nuclear) Environment Unfriendly (Co2) Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg) Nuclear Plants Waste Disposal Hydroelectric Plants Flooding Unreliable ( ) 110 Grid Failures Cost $ B./Yr Adds 29-45% To Electric Bill

Current Power Industry - Opinion Monopolies Regulated No competition Ossified Expensive Inefficient Unreliable Unfriendly “Time has come for an energy revolution”

Distributed Generation Located next to user Range of energy sources Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables, Hydrogen, nuclear Capacity kw –Mw Economic benefits “Waste” heat used Lowers fossil fuel use Low investment Power failure losses eliminated Environmental/ health costs reduced Grid costs – peak/capital Lower electric bills Flexibility of location Cogeneration Combined heat & power (CHP) Micropower

Opinions Regarding DG DG Can Play a Key Role Where reliability is crucial- emergency capacity Alternative to local network expansion Opinions “Has potential to fundamentally alter structure and organization of our electric power system” (IEA) “Micropower passes nuclear as technology of choice for new plants globally. We really could be seeing the revival of Edison’s dream” (VVV) “The era of monopolization, centralization and other regulation has started to give way to market forces in electricity” (VVV) United States today 931 DG Plants Deliver 72,800 MW 8.1% Of total US Power

Sources of DG Solar – photovoltaic and thermal Wind Turbines Hydroelectric (large scale and micro) Geothermal Oceanic Nuclear Fossil Fuels Combined Heat & Power (CHP)

CG vs. DG Today CGDG Waste Energy %6710 Delivered Electricity %3390 Total Costs ($) Generation T & D Total CO 2 X0.5X Oil Equivalent (BB)Y-122 Fossil Fuel Sales (Trillions $)Z

CG vs. DG in 2020 CGDG Capital$B Total Power Cost$B14555 Unit Power Cost ¢/kWh Emissions CO 2 X0.5X NO x A0.4A SO 2 B0.1B

Enabling DG Technologies

Microturbines Low to moderate initial capital cost Fuel flexibility, burn either gaseous (natural gas, propane, biogases, oil-field flared gas) or liquid fuels (diesel, kerosene) Heat released from burning the fuel also providing heating and cooling needs (CHP Extremely low air emissions NOx, CO, and SOx Continuous operating even during brownout or blackout A cutaway of a microturbine; 30 and 60- kilowatt units have just one moving part – a shaft that turns at 96,000 rpm.

Microturbine Systems

Micro-Hydro

Porker Power – Lamar Colorado Video

Distributed Generation Summary

Advantages of DG Local positioning avoids transmission and distribution losses Generation adjacent to loads allows convenient use of heat energy Combined heat and power (CHP) Local positioning enables available sources of energy to be used, Waste products or renewable resources may be easily utilized to supplement fossil fuels Local positioning allows the use of available single or three phase generation

Disadvantages of DG Disadvantages Conventional distribution systems need adequate protection in order to accommodate exchange of power Signaling for dispatch of resources becomes extremely complicated Connection and revenue contracts are difficult to establish Issues with DG The use of “Net Power” in certain areas of the US Power companies must by power from distributors a market rates IEEE 1547 standard, still under formulation Standard for interconnecting distributed resources with electric power systems Safety concerns with energy generated from multiple sources System protection under two way exchange of power

Extra Slides

Ramgen Fossil Fuel Generator