Mr. Mitchell’s CP World History

1. Name two reasons why European nations wanted to establish a sea route to Asia? Explain the importance of these ideas.

1. – They wanted to bypass the existing trading routes that were controlled by foreign powers and gain direct access to the Spice Islands The Renaissance spirit of inquiry further fired people’s desire to learn more about the lands beyond Europe

Early Trade Routes to the Spice Islands

2. Identify 3 things that helped explorers sail to the oceans and go to distant lands? How exactly did each of these factors and achievements help these explorers

2 --- CARTOGRAPHERS created more accurate maps and sea charts Sailors learned to use the ASTROLABE – an instrument that determined their latitude at sea Portuguese developed the CARAVEL – which combined square European sails with Arab lateen triangular sails

Tools of Exploration

Prince Henry

EXTRA NOTES – PRINCE HENRY ► Prince Henry was a Portuguese noble that wanted to spread Christianity throughout Africa as well as taking control of its lucrative supply of Gold ► Henry created a school of navigation in which he assembled specialists – who designed ships, prepared maps, and trained captains and crews for distant voyages

Extra Notes – Prince Henry ► Prince Henry’s graduates were sent from the school to explore and eventually establish ports in different areas of the West African coast including Guinea and Ghana ► They took over trade that stretched all the way into the great African city Timbuktu

Extra Notes – Prince Henry ► Most of the areas that were taken over by the Portuguese were predominantly run by Muslims – Christian Portuguese were dominating Muslim traders – Hint of the Crusades ► By 1500 – Portugal controlled a majority of the gold trade that went into Europe ► Henry has been nicknamed “The Navigator” because of his role in Portugal’s dominance of the gold trade and his pioneering of future trips

Statues of the Navigator Statue of him in Lagos, Portugal Statue in Lisbon, Portugal – dedicated to the Explorers

3. Describe the routes taken by explorers for Portugal during the 1400’s and early 1500’s? How did this affect Portugal’s trade?

South along the coast of Africa, around the Cape of Good Hope, and on to the Calicut on the West coast of India Portugal seized key ports around the Indian Ocean to create a vast trading empire.

God - Gold -- Glory ► - In the early years of the 16 th century Portugal controlled Spice Trade between Europe and Asia ► - Portugal was able to do this through by sheer force and numbers ► - Portugal was able to do this through by sheer force and numbers ► - One of the main examples of how Portugal used their power to take over the islands of the Indian Ocean was Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque’s take over of Goa, India in and his destruction of Malacca in 1511

God - Gold -- Glory ► Both of these victories were crucial because -- Goa ended up being Portugal’s headquarters for the region -- While Malacca ended up being Portugal’s key to the Spice Islands -- INDONESIA ► - Albuquerque used trickery and brute force to destroy the Muslim Traders including massacring entire Muslim populations, burning Hindu Temples and Muslim mosques, and crushed defenseless Muslim trading ships.

To Enhance the Terror of his name – Albuquerque always separated Arabs from the other inhabitants of a Captured city – and cut off the right hand of the men – and the noses of the ears of the women

God - Gold -- Glory ► Portugal lacked the power, population and land to maintain their trading empire -- once their power began to falter in the later part of the 16 th Century, the door was opened for the Dutch who would build trading towns and ground all over the Indian Ocean and mostly in Africa. Their led advancement was led by a group of wealthy Dutch merchants that formed the Dutch East India Company.

God - Gold -- Glory ► The Dutch East India Co. would go on to establish on the key African ports/ cities in the Spice Trade - - Cape Town on the Cape of Good Hope. -- as well as capture Malacca from Portugal in 1641, which totally ended Portuguese dominance in the region. ► While using some force, the Dutch learned from the Portuguese and had alliances with the native rulers instead of harsh relationships -- They would go on to trade with the Chinese and other nations.

God - Gold -- Glory ► The victories of the Dutch enabled them to establish a true trading monopoly in the region -- something Portugal was unable to do. ► The Spanish would attempt to take a piece of the Spice Trade by taking over a group of Islands that they would rename THE PHILIPPINES - named after the great king Phillip II

God - Gold -- Glory ► The Spanish were able to take over the entire group of islands the natives themselves were not united ► - Spanish would go on to attempt to Christianize the group of islands -- In later years priests from the Philippines would event attempt to convert natives in China and Japan.

Christopher Columbus

4. Why did Columbus decide to sail westward? How did he say that this trip was possible?

4--- He wanted to reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic - He assumed that the world was round.

5 – Briefly describe the trip of Christopher Columbus to the New World? Include departure to the New World/ the boats that he used/ where he landed along with the naming of the West Indies

Answer 5 ► On August 3, 1492, Columbus sailed west with 3 small ships, the NINA, PINTA, and the SANTA MARIA ► Although their was good weather, no land came into sight – Supplies ran low ► On October 12 – saw land - He spent several months cruising the islands of the Caribbean ► - He called the people – Indians – because he thought he was in India ► The land was named the West Indies as a result of the fact he believed that he landed in India

Christopher Columbus’s Journey

6 – How did the Exploration by Christopher Columbus impact the explorations of Magellan and Cabot? Be specific especially with the importance

6 – Cabot was inspired by Columbus because he wanted to find a new northern area that Columbus had not found -- Magellan was inspired by Columbus because without his trip – Magellan would not have known that it was possible to go across the Atlantic and Cross the Pacific Ocean.