Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 23, part 4 The Respiratory System
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 23-9 Gas Pickup and Delivery
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reactions are completely reversible Blood in peripheral capillaries delivers O 2 and absorbs CO 2
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animation: Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration PLAY Figure An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration Figure 23.20a, b
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carried mainly by RBCs, bound to hemoglobin The amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carried is dependent upon: P O2 pH temperature BPG Fetal hemoglobin has a higher O 2 affinity than adult hemoglobin Oxygen transport
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.22a, b Figure The Effect of pH and Temperature on Hemoglobin Saturation
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure A Functional Comparison of Fetal and Adult Hemoglobin
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7% dissolved in plasma 70% carried as carbonic acid buffer system 23% bound to hemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin Plasma transport Carbon dioxide transport
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Driven by differences in partial pressure Oxygen enters blood at lungs and leaves at tissues Carbon dioxide enters at tissues and leaves at lungs Summary of gas transport Animation: Gas Exchange and Gas Transport PLAY
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.25a, b Figure A Summary of the Primary Gas Transport Mechanisms
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION Control of Respiration
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostatic mechanisms maintain balance Local regulation of gas transport and alveolar function include Lung perfusion Alveolar capillaries constrict in low oxygen Alveolar ventilation Bronchioles dilate in high carbon dioxide Gas absorption/generation balanced by capillary rates of delivery/removal
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Medullary centers Respiratory rhythmicity centers set pace Pons Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers Respiratory centers of the brain
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure Respiratory Centers and Reflex Controls
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory centers are modified by sensory information including Chemoreceptor reflexes Level of carbon dioxide Baroreceptors reflexes Hering-Breuer reflexes Prevents overinflation Protective reflexes Respiratory reflexes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure The Chemoreceptor Response to Changes in P CO2
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regulation of respiratory rate is dependent upon: Conscious and unconscious thought Emotional state Anticipation Voluntary control of respiration Animation: Control of Respiration PLAY
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION Changes in the Respiratory System at Birth
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upon taking the first breath: Inhaled air enters the respiratory passages for the first time The bronchial tree and most of the alveoli are inflated Subsequent breaths complete inflation of the alveoli Neonatal Respiration
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION Aging and the Respiratory System
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elastic tissue deteriorates causing lower lung compliance and vital capacity Chest movements are restricted by arthritic changes Some degree of emphysema normally occurs The efficiency of the respiratory system decreases with age as:
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The primary functions of the respiratory system The organs of the respiratory system and their functions The processes of external and internal respiration The physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs and the diffusion of gases into the blood The important structural features of the respiratory membrane How oxygen and carbon dioxide are picked up, transported and released in the blood You should now be familiar with: