MORE COLD WAR

Samantha Stevens Serena -->

Jeanie Sister Jeanie

The Two Khrushchevs Reformer? Hard Liner?

The Friendly Khrushchev DOMESTIC POLICY A.De-Stalinization * 20th Party Congress * “the Secret Speech” * Denounced Stalin! * Stalin’s body removed from red square

The Friendly Khrushchev DOMESTIC POLICY B.REFORMS * Dismantled Gulags * Rehabilitation * Liberalized government.

The Friendly Khrushchev FOREIGN POLICY A. “Peaceful Coexistence” * Competition between Systems. * Visited U.S. * “the Kitchen Debate” Ok, there IS no B : (

The Friendly Khrushchev FOREIGN POLICY A. “Peaceful Coexistence” * Competition between Systems. * Visited U.S. * “the Kitchen Debate” Ok, there IS no B : (

The OTHER Khrushchev “We will crush you!” Third World Revolution

The OTHER Khrushchev “We will crush you!” Third World Revolution Technology: Sputnik - Space Race

Sputnik! The Space Race

The OTHER Khrushchev “We will crush you!” Third World Revolution Technology: ICBMs - Missile Gap Sputnik - Space Race

I.C.B.M.s The Missile Gap!!!

THE REALITY: US – 300 ICBMs, - Polaris Fleet USSR – 10 ICBMs, - 100s short range

The OTHER Khrushchev “We will crush you!” Third World Revolution Technology: ICBMs - Missile Gap Sputnik - Space Race

Don’t Forget This... Old Guard - Hard Liners “Too Much Too Fast!” Precarious Position. He’s got to watch his back. Sometimes... It’s not about us.

Berlin Wall AUGUST 13, 1961

Cuban Missile Crisis October 14, 1962 Recon Planes Report October 22, Blockade, DEFCON 3 OCTOBER 28, the Soviets “blink”

EASTERN EUROPE Poland / Hungary / Czechoslovakia

Poland 1956 I.Popular Uprising Poznan Hardliner Polish Government Represses II.Gomulka becomes Party Secretary Promises Reforms “Polish Way toward Socialism” Gomulka Communist leader

III. Soviet Response? A.Troop Maneuvers on the border B. A “visit”

III. Soviet Response? Khrushchev Gomulka Gomulka Backs down, Khrushchev backs off

Hungary 1956 I. New Reform Government (late October) II. Popular Movement (inspired by Poland)

HUNGARY 1956 Imry Nagy /NAHJD/ New Hungarian Communist leader , 1956 (Prime Minister) Reform Minded: - appointed non-communist ministers - abolished one-party rule - political prisoners released

HUNGARY 1956 Imry Nagy /NAHJD/ New Hungarian Communist leader , 1956 (Prime Minister) The Last Straw 11/01/56 - U.N. suggested neutrality - out of the Warsaw Pact

Soviet Response? Soviet Tanks Roll in 11/04/56

11/04 to 11/10 2,500 killed

Nagy’s Fate? Arrested, Tried, Hanged 1958 “Rehabilitated” in ‘89

WHY Didn’t We do something? Gammel Nasser EGYPT 1. Aswan High Dam 2. Suez Canal Crisis Egypt vs England / France

Czechoslovakia 1968

Leonid Breznev Old Guard Stagnation. Military Spend ing 1964: Khrushchev is ousted

Alexander Dubcek 1st Secretary of the Communist Party Action Programme “Socialism with a human face” Free Press, Consumer Goods

Alexander Dubcek 1st Secretary of the Communist Party Action Programme “PRAGUE SPRING” Democratization De-Centralization

Soviet Response? 200, ,000 Warsaw Pact troops

Brezhnev The Brezhnev Doctrine?

1968 to 1989 Stasis... And then all heck breaks loose

TWO factors contributed to the “Velvet Revolutions” of ‘89

I. Gorbachev

II. Tiananmen Square Massacre 100,000 March 5,000–ish killed

1989: First Wave Poland: –April: Solidarity Legalized / participate in elections Lech Walesa Solidarity

1989: First Wave Lech Walesa SolidarityPope John Paul II

1989: First Wave Poland: –April: Solidarity Legalized / participate in elections –June: 99/100 seats and the Presidency –New Non-Communist Government???

1989: First Wave Poland: –April: Solidarity Legalized / participate in elections –June: 99/100 seats and the Presidency –New Non-Communist Government??? Hungary –Parliament adopts reforms ?? –Communist Party renames to Socialist Party – Opens border with Austria

GERMANY ReUnification

East Germany Erich Honecker –General Secretary –Chairman of the National Defense Council – 1971 to 1989

East Germany 50,000 East Germans flee by Sept. ‘89 Mass Exodus by November September: GDR cuts travel to Hungary!!

East GERMANY October GDR cuts travel to Hungary (late September) GDR cuts travel to Czech –Last way out???? Gorby Visits: –“He who is too late, is punished for life” Mass Demonstrations!!! –“we want out!” became “We’re staying here!” –1,000,000 gather in East Berlin Ruling Party ejects Honecker

East GERMANY November -New government plans to ease travel restrictions -TV Press conference 11/09/89 at 6:53 pm -When will it be enforced?? -"Well, as far as I can see,... straightaway, immediately."

East GERMANY November Bum Rush the Checkpoints –10,000s No instructions to Border Guards?? –Frantic phone calls –No orders?

East GERMANY November Bum Rush the Checkpoints –10,000s No instructions to Border Guards?? –Frantic phone calls –No orders? Nov 9, :30 p.m. Guards Open Border! Mass movement - greeted by Westerners

GERMANY Officially Unified 10 / 3 / 1990

GERMANY Officially Unified 10 / 3 / 90

Helmut Kohl German Chancellor

1989: They Just Keep Coming Czechoslovakia: Velvet Revolution –Nov: 200,000+ protestors –11/28: Communist Party Steps down Elections –Vaclav Haval elected President –Alexander Dubceck elected to Parliament Bulgaria –Nov: Politburo ousts commie leader –Feb: Party voluntarily gives up power –Moderate wing renames itself Socialist Party –Wins election

Romania Nicolae Ceausescu General Secretary 1965 – 1989

Revolts break out Spreads to Bucharest (100,000+)

Dec 21 Army Fires on Crowd

... But not all of them : )

Dec 21 - Dec 25 Civil War in the Streets died Ceausescu “arrested” December 23

So what happened to the Dictator?

Shot on Christmas Day