Chap 5

F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition a.Intraspecific competition - same species b. Interspecific competition -diff. species same resource a.Intraspecific competition - same species b. Interspecific competition -diff. species same resource

Fig. 7-8, p. 148 Resource Partitioning of Warbler Species

Resource partitioning

Resource Partitioning © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Species with similar resource requirements can coexist because they use limited resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places. For example, specialized feeding niches of various birds of coastal wetland enable coexistence of many species. Fig. 9–4a

c. Resource Partitioning and Niche Specialization Fig. 7-7, p. 147

Species interactions-Symbiosis  Competition  Predation  Parasitism  Mutualism  Commensalism

Research  Predation  Parasitism  Mutualism  Commensalism  Invasive species  Native species  Indicator species  Keystone species

Click to view animation. f. Competitive Exclusion Principle Gause's competition experiment interaction.

2. Species Interactions: Predation  Predator  Prey c. Prey acquisition – 2 types d. Predator avoidance e. Defense

Avoiding or Defending Against Predators  Escape  Senses  Armor  Camouflage  Chemical warfare  Warning coloration  Mimicry  Safety in numbers  Behavioral strategies Avoidance Defense Both

Span worm Bombardier beetle Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly Foul-tasting monarch butterfly Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake Wandering leaf insect Hind wings of io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal p. 169 How Species Avoid Predators

3. Species Interactions: Parasitism  Parasite  Host  Dangers of parasites  Importance of parasites

4. Species Interactions: Mutualism  Pollination  Nutritional  Gut inhabitants  Protection  Rhizobium and legumes  Protection  Rhizobium and legumes a.Examples

Oxpeckers and black rhinocerosClown fish and sea anemone Mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in normal soil Lack of mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in sterilized soil Fig. 7-10, p. 151 Mutualism

5. Species Interactions: Commensalism  Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the other

Symbiosis Species 1 Sp Mutualism & Synergism Predation & Parasitism Commensalism Competition Amensalism Neutralism

APES Chapter 5  Community Ecology Part 2

What is a bee’s niche?  YouTube - NATURE | Silence Of The Bees | Online Exclusive | PBS YouTube - NATURE | Silence Of The Bees | Online Exclusive | PBS

Diversity

 Succession. Animation. Succession. Animation.

G. Ecological Succession Process in which communities of plant and animals species are replaced over time by a series of different communities

Enchanted Rock

 Lichen-pioneer species

Two kinds of Succession 1. Primary succession - 1. Primary succession - begins with a lifeless area where there is no soil (ex. bare rock). Soil formation begins with lichens or moss. 2. Secondary succession - 2. Secondary succession - begins in an area where the natural community has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed, but soil or bottom sediments remain.

1. Primary Succession

1. Primary Ecological Succession Fig p. 152 Click here for animation

2. Secondary Ecological Succession Fig. 7-12, p. 153

Succession 3. Pioneer species  pioneer community 4. Equilibrium species 5. Successional species = pioneer & equilibrium species 6. Climax species  climax community

(Number of species)

Mechanisms of Succession © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Both primary and secondary succession are driven by three mechanisms: facilitation: a process by which an earlier successional species makes the environment suitable for later successional species; e.g., legumes fixing nitrogen can enable later successional species; inhibition: a process whereby one species hinders the establishment and growth of other species; e.g., shade of late successional trees inhibits the growth of early successional trees; tolerance: a process whereby later successional species are unaffected by earlier successional species.

Changes During Succession © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP During succession species diversity and stratification tend to increase, while growth rates and primary productivity tend to decrease. Fig. 9–23

6. Effects on Succession and Species Diversity a. Disturbance b. Intermediate disturbance hypothesis Harvester ant mound

1000 Percentage disturbance Species diversity Fig. 7-13, p b. Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

7. How Predictable is Succession?  Climax community  “Balance of nature”  Unpredictable struggle  Ecologists’ views

H. Ecological Stability and Sustainability 1. Stability 2. Inertia 3. Persistence 4. Constancy 5. Resilience 6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability 7. Precautionary principle