Unit 1 – Early Civilizations Prehistory Prehistory – AD 1570

Homework Structure… Outline – Occasional Homework Assignments- Record these in your Notebook Outline Format (do not rewrite the chapter) Can use these Outlines on your quizzes Occasional Homework Assignments- Section Questions – Full sentence answers that draw conclusions from your reading. Critical Thinking Questions – 1 to 2 paragraph answer that analyzes the question & often uses both the chapter & background information to draw conclusions.

How would you organize information?

Initiation What types of things go through your mind when you read a text? What can you do to improve your reading technique? Read over sections that confuse you Take notes on what you read Write on handouts that are yours to keep/make notes in the margins Look up difficult words (in a dictionary) READ EVERYTHING, not just the bare minimum Define bolded vocabulary words

Reading Skills Reflection What other reading skills do YOU think might help YOU? List five things that might help you to become a better reader. Highlight/underline Find a focused place/atmosphere Organizing your reading experience Skim readings first with a quick glance Read everything Read aloud Look at images/infographics first Read chapter topics/headings first Re-read material Discuss readings aloud or in the mirror Written summaries after reading Read vocab first for consistent reading Take breaks and RECALL Ask questions throughout Keep a steady reading pace Note-taking Reading activities/supplements Ask a knowledgeable source Highlight important sentences Ask yourself questions along the way Look at the end-of-section questions (before/after) Read at your own pace (don’t rush!) Focus on titles/subtitles for a quick overview Read any included summaries Relate reading to your own life or other readings Look at images/ask yourself why they were included Read captions Look for root word of difficult words

Reading the Textbook Look for the following things: RED section headings BLACK sub-section headings Focus questions at the start of every section Important tables, maps, and infographics CHECKPOINT QUESTIONS Assessment Questions (end-of-section questions)

1.1: Understanding Our Past Scholars Who Study the Past Anthropologists -Study the origins and development of people and their societies -Modern ones specialize in certain fields Some study human bones; others study human cultures Archaeologists -Are also Anthropologists Study past people and cultures through material remains, such as buildings and artifacts -Find artifacts at a site, and then analyze them -Use technology to study their findings Historians -Study and write about the historical past -Learn from artifacts and written evidence -Evaluate evidence to determine if it is reliable -Analyze evidence to understand why events happened

1.1: Understanding Our Past Hominids Group Summary Australopithecines Earliest hominids Lived in Africa Appeared as early as 7 million years ago Homo Habilis Emerged about 2 million years ago Made stone tools for cutting, scraping, chopping, or sawing plants, animals and wood Homo Erectus Appeared around 2 million years ago, walked upright Had larger brains and bones and smaller teeth than other hominids Thought to be first to use fire and to migrate out of Africa Made hand axes Homo Sapiens Emerged between 100,000 and 250,000 years ago May have lived in Africa, then migrated into rest of world, or may have developed from Homo erectus in different parts of the world Divided into two groups: Neanderthals and early modern humans Between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago Neanderthals disappeared; early modern humans are now the only hominids on Earth

What Makes Us Human? What Characteristics are distinctly Homo Sapien? “Ape Genius” Human Children vs. Chimpanzee (Ability to Learn) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIAoJsS9Ix8 Cooperation - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOrgOW9LnT4&feature=related Are you smarter than a Chimp? - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q40YgjU1cs8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpOVNzhrc8w&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSmRNyhm0zk

1.2: Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution Note Taking Practice Eras of Prehistory Life Before Farming Life After Farming As you read the text, you should be able to Understand and apply the key ideas, concepts, people and vocabulary. Also, you should start to get comfortable with making additional connections to the material in class, and to your life.   When you read a section Read the title of the section. This is a quick way to know right away what you will be reading. Read the focus question: Have this in your mind as you read and mentally answer it as you go. Read the objectives: They tell you exactly what you will learn. After you read a section, before you move on, take less than 1 minute to ask yourself what was that about? Can you can answer the focus question?

1.2: Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution Eras of Prehistory Life Before Farming Life After Farming Old Stone Age/Paleolithic Nomads; hunted and gathered food Lived in bands of 20 to 30 Made simple tools out of stone, bone, and wood Built fires and made clothing Developed spoken language Learned to cross water Showed belief in a spiritual world, buried their dead, and made cave paintings New Stone Age/Neolithic Grew own food, no longer nomads Farmers settled in the first permanent villages, including Çatalhüyük and Jericho. Developed new skills and technologies, including plant and animal domestication, and calendars. Men began to dominate family, economic, and political life. Differences in wealth appeared.

Old vs. New Stone Age The Neolithic Revolution Nomadic, hunter gatherer life style Paleolithic (old stone age) 2.5 mya Begins with the use of stone tools Neolithic (New Stone Age) 10,000 ya to 3,500 BCE During the Neolithic era fundamental changes in society took place because of the new tools in use. Life based on agriculture, domesticated animals and permanent settlements.

The Development of Stone Tools

Major River Valley Civilizations River(s) of Importance Sumer Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Egypt Nile River Indus Civilization Indus River Shang Civilization Huang River (Yellow River)

Why is there an Agricultural Revolution? Draw Conclusions Ice Age The Present

River Civilizations Why did all early civilizations live near rivers? 1. Regular water supply 2. Transportation 3. Animals go to water = food supply 4. Good for farming (floods spread silt, creating fertile soil) 5. b/c of farming condition farmers can produce a surplus of food and support a growing population

Brainstorm List at least TEN things that you think of when you hear the word, “Civilization.”

Early Civilizations Evolution of towns & cities Farming produces a surplus (“extra” food) Population Growth – more food = healthier population = population boom W/ more people --> Greater reliance on farming to sustain the population Domesticate animals & develop new farming tools = more food W/ a surplus food can be bartered (traded) = cultural/ technological exchange Division on labor – specialization Farmers, craftsmen, artisans (things get made better & faster) More time & More people = public building projects  requires leadership to organize & collect taxes to pay for it. Wealthier, more comfortable & complex life style develop…. Civilization

1.3: Beginnings of Civilization The Development of Civilization Rise of Cities and Civilizations Located near major rivers River valley civilizations arose in the Middle East, Egypt, India, and China. In the Americas, early civilizations arose in the highlands; they may have begun as religious centers. Away from the cities, people lived as hunters, gatherers, famers, and nomads. Features of Civilizations Cities Organized governments Complex religions Job specialization Social classes Arts and architecture Public Works Writing Changes Over Time Changes in the physical environment caused civilizations to change. Interactions among people and cultural diffusion caused civilizations to change. As rulers grew more powerful, civilizations began to center around city-states and empires.

Timeline of Earth & Humanity Culture Develops YA = Years Ago MYA = Millions of Years Ago BYA = Billions of Years Ago 250,000 YA: Homo Sapiens emerged (“thinking person”) 12 MYA: Humans develop separately from Apes 4.5 BYA: Formation of Planet 1.5 BYA: Dinosaurs Roam Earth 12,000 YA: Neolithic Revolution 3.5 BYA: Life Appears on Earth 65 MYA: Dinosaurs Extinct; Primates Appear 3 MYA: Distant humans climbed down out of trees 40,000 YA: Humans look basically as they do today