1 Rise and Decline of Cities Cities experienced both rises and declines during Period III. Big Era CE – 1500 CE Big Era 3Big Era 5Big Era CE10,000 BCE1000 BCE Big Era 6 Big Era CE – 1500 CE Big Era 3Big Era 5Big Era CE10,000 BCE1000 BCE

2 During Period III, many connections were established among regions. These formed interregional patterns of unity. Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

3 At the start of Period III, numerous inventions, trade goods, and ideas were starting to spread from their regions of origin.

4 … …That spread of ideas and things is part of cultural exchange. This allowed cities of the period to rise as well as decline.

5 Cultural exchange had many aspects. People shared ideas across regions. Population increased and people migrated. Trade networks expanded and cities grew. Huge empires brought many different groups of people together.

6 Population Ideas Trade Empires Let’s take a closer look at each of these causes of the growth and decline of cities.

7 World population grew from about 250 million to 460 million between 200 CE and 1500 CE. The dip in the 1300s was due to the Bubonic Plague. Population Sometimes interregional exchanges allowed disease to spread, as well as more helpful things.

8 Population Let’s look at cultural interactions in Afroeurasia and see how they impacted cities! Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

9 Population growth in Afroeurasia affected the environment. Population Deforestation happened when cities and farming expanded.

10 Human impact on the environment had serious effects on the ability of cities to grow. In fact, sometimes, it caused them to shrink. Wood was insufficient for heat, construction, and metal-working.Wood was insufficient for heat, construction, and metal-working. Soil eroded and degraded.Soil eroded and degraded. River flooding devastated villages, farmlands, and cities.River flooding devastated villages, farmlands, and cities. Famines meant people didn’t get enough to eat.Famines meant people didn’t get enough to eat. Population

11 Large groups of people moved around, or migrated. Population increases and the effects on the environment sometimes meant that new cities were founded. Sometimes, people got up and moved on to new lands. Population

12 People migrated to new places in (and out) of Afroeurasia. Vikings Bantu-Speaking People of Africa Mongols Turkic Groups People of Oceania Arabs Germanic Tribes Chinese Population

13 Migrating groups moved into other groups’ territories, forcing them to go elsewhere.Migrating groups moved into other groups’ territories, forcing them to go elsewhere. Migrating groups introduced new plants and animals into their new homes.Migrating groups introduced new plants and animals into their new homes. Migrations diffused technologies for farming, warfare, and crafts.Migrations diffused technologies for farming, warfare, and crafts. Migrations diffused languages, styles of living, and arts.Migrations diffused languages, styles of living, and arts. Population Migrations encouraged new cities and also put stresses on old cities.

14 Empires Building states and empires caused declines in cities for a time, then, stability allowed cities to flourish. During Period III, many, many states and empires came… and went.

15 New ruling groups built on the foundations of earlier states and empires. Empires

16 Sui China Silla Parhae Yamoto Japan Harsha’ Empire Chalukya Avar Kingdom Frankish Kingdoms Ghana Axum Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire States and Empires in 600 CE

17 Ghana Carolingian Byzantine Abbasid Caliphate Axum Gurjara- Pratihara Tang China Srivijaya Parhae Silla Cordoba Caliphate Heian Japan States and Empires in 800 CE

18 Mongol Empire Russia Sung China Koryo Kamakura Japan Delhi Sultanate Scandanavian Kingdoms Mali Zimbabwe Benin Oyo France Ethiopia Ayyubid Caliphate Almohad Caliphate Poland Rum H.R.E. Hungary England Portugal Spain States and Empires in 1237 CE States and Empires in 1237 CE Angkor

19 Mali Oyo Benin Zimbabwe Zanj City-States Ethiopia Vijayanagara Siam Majapahit Ashikaga Japan Korea Marinids Hafsids Mamluk Sultanate Granada PortugalCastile France Scotland England Union of Kalmar Holy Roman Empire Poland- Lithuania Hungary Ottoman Emp. Russian States Khanate of the Golden Horde Jagatai Khanate Ming China Timurid Empire States and Empires in 1400 CE

20 How did states and empires stimulate the growth of cities in Afroeurasia? Wars led to destruction but produced new inventions.Wars led to destruction but produced new inventions. Strong governments protected trade routes and stabilized currencies.Strong governments protected trade routes and stabilized currencies. Royal courts were patrons of science, religious institutions, and arts.Royal courts were patrons of science, religious institutions, and arts. Large states brought together many ethnic, language, and religious groups.Large states brought together many ethnic, language, and religious groups. Empires

21 Trade was also closely linked to cultural exchange and the growth of cities. Trade Empires supported trade in Afroeurasia. Merchants traveled great distances in search of wealth.

22 The number of cities grew, as well as trade networks between them. Trade

23 From CE, trade routes extended farther and were used by more travelers. Trade Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

24 Trade helped spread religions, languages, ideas, and arts.Trade helped spread religions, languages, ideas, and arts. Trade stimulated use of natural resources.Trade stimulated use of natural resources. Cities and manufacturing centers grew bigger.Cities and manufacturing centers grew bigger. Banks, credit, and money systems encouraged regional and long distance trade.Banks, credit, and money systems encouraged regional and long distance trade. Trade How did expanding trade networks bring about positive change for cities in Afroeurasia?

25 What inventions, technologies, products, and ideas were exchanged across Afroeurasia? Ideas

26 Transport and communication technologies improved. Transport and communication technologies improved. Astrolabe Lateen sail North Arabian camel saddle Books & paper Stern- rudder Stirrup Mapmakin g Ideas

27 Water & energy technologies were transferred across Afroeurasia. Hydraulic systems carried water where expanding cities needed it. Hydraulic systems carried water where expanding cities needed it. Wheels lifted water to irrigate crops and drain swamps. Wheels lifted water to irrigate crops and drain swamps. Waterwheels, windmills, and trip- hammers provided energy for pumping, grinding, milling, and pounding. Waterwheels, windmills, and trip- hammers provided energy for pumping, grinding, milling, and pounding. Ideas

28 Ideas Crops also diffused across Afroeurasia. Travelers and migrants introduced plants into new regions. People began to grow, eat, and sell these crops.

29 Citrus fruits rolled from Southwest Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden and song.Citrus fruits rolled from Southwest Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden and song. Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the Mediterranean.Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the Mediterranean. Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, Central Asia, and China.Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, Central Asia, and China. Ideas

30 The pace of innovation increased.The pace of innovation increased. Knowledge accumulated more quickly.Knowledge accumulated more quickly. Manufacturing and farming productivity increased.Manufacturing and farming productivity increased. People’s diets and health improved.People’s diets and health improved. Sea travel and transport webs became thicker.Sea travel and transport webs became thicker. How did transfers of technology and products allow cities to grow? Ideas