1. Cultural Diffusion and the Columbian Exchange
Patterns of Trade
From medieval C.E.

2. Patterns of Trade Cultural Diffusion
and how they led to
We will be looking at the exchange of ideas & goods from 300 CE to 1750 CE.
Welcome to our world
900 CE – 1750 CE
MODERN
300CE
1-300CE
BCE

3. But they were not known in many other regions.
Inventions, trade goods, ideas, and religions began to spread from their regions of origin.
But they were not known in many other regions.

4. Many connections were established among regions that formed interregional patterns of unity.

5. Population
So, we’ll look at cultural exchange in Afroeurasia, and then get back to the Americas later.
Afroeurasia

6. …That’s called cultural exchange.
By the time all the American colonies were settled most of these important ideas and useful things had spread all across Afroeurasia…
…That’s called cultural exchange. …

7. Trade was another cause of cultural exchange.
Empires supported trade in Afroeurasia. Merchants traveled great distances in search of wealth.

8. The number of cities and trade networks between them grew.

9. Trade
From CE, trade routes extended farther and were used by more travelers.

10. Trade helped spread religions, languages, ideas and arts
How did expanding trade networks bring about cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia?
Trade helped spread religions, languages, ideas and arts
Trade stimulated use of natural resources
Cities and manufacturing centers grew bigger
Banks, credit and money systems developed to help regional and long distance trade

11. During this time, universal religions spread across Afroeurasia.
Ideas
During this time, universal religions spread across Afroeurasia.
Universal religions are belief systems that anyone can join – they’re not limited to any one group.

12. Universal religions spread from 300-1500 CE.
Ideas
Buddhism
Hinduism
Islam
Christianity
Universal religions spread from CE.

13. Traders and Sufi Orders spread Islam
Ideas
Who spread the universal religions across Afroeurasia from 300 to 1500 CE?
Monks spread Buddhism
Traders and Sufi Orders spread Islam
Missionaries
Spread Christianity

14. Ideas
How did the spread of religion encourage cultural exchange in Afroeurasia?
Universal faiths gave members community feeling beyond political, class, or ethnic identities
Religious scholars gathered and recorded knowledge and founded institutions of learning
The spread of religions stimulated production and exchange of arts, literature, philosophy, and the sciences

15. Ideas
What inventions, technologies, products, and ideas were exchanged across Afroeurasia?

16. Ideas
Scholars studied and spread knowledge in many institutions of learning.
Korean Library
Sung Scholar
European Scientist
Muslim Astronomers

17. Natural sciences developed in many places.
Ideas
Natural sciences developed in many places.
Chinese
Islamic
Indian
European

18. Transport and communication technology improved.
Ideas
Transport and communication technology improved.
Stern-rudder
Mapmaking
Books & paper
Astrolabe
Lateen sail
Stirrup
North Arabian Camel Saddle

19. Ideas
Crops also diffused across Afroeurasia. Travelers and migrants introduced plants into new regions. People began to grow, eat, and sell these crops.

20. Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the Mediterranean
Ideas
Sorghum fattened up folks when a new cereal crop spread from eastern Africa to China
Citrus fruits rolled from Southwest Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden & song
Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the Mediterranean
Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, Central Asia and China
Veggies like spinach, asparagus and broccoli stirred in vitamins across the hemisphere

21. Ideas
How did transfers of technology and products change people’s lives in Afroeurasia?
The pace of innovation increased
Knowledge accumulated more quickly
Manufacturing and farming productivity increased
People’s diets and health improved
Sea travel and transport increased

22. What was global convergence?
Change accellerated when people, resources and ideas from the whole world came together.
That made the world more like we know it today—more modern!
Converge means come together.
Accelerate means speed up.

23. Exchanges that began in Afroeurasia continued to bring about change
Scholars translated books, taught others, and worked to gain knowledge
Trade introduced people to new products, increasing demand for luxuries
Money moved across countryside and continents in exchange for goods
Religious ideas were hotly debated, and ordinary people worshipped daily
Ruling groups debated laws, and military struggles continued

24. Sciences, philosophy and the arts flowered in Europe after 1400
“Knowledge of the Ancients” entered Europe during the 12th century. Its origins were Greek, Arabic, Chinese and Indian. It contained all natural sciences, math, applied sciences and philosophy.
Europeans had some catching up to do
Scholars flocked to Spain in the 1100s as translators from Arabic to Latin
Scholars saw this knowledge as a “Giant”

25. Rise of European Universities
Demand for education stimulated the growth of European universities in major towns.
Image copyright free from Dover publications – woodcut 1513
They introduced new knowledge into the curriculum

26. China’s invention of printing joined with moveable type in 26 letters
Gutenberg’s printing press could reproduce pages quickly, with woodcut illustrations.
By the time he invented his printing press, papermaking had spread to Europe.
In the first century of printing, thousands of books were sold and added to Europe’s growing libraries.

27. Asian commercial and political voyages on the seas continued
Indian Ocean trade routes attracted merchants as they had for centuries
Zheng He, Admiral of the Ming fleet, made seven voyages around the Indian Ocean
album/miniatures02.html – golden horn display
Ming ship illustration by Bruce Meyer
MALAY ship lanchara%20-%20perahu%20besar.htm
Ottoman naval vessels patrolled the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Indian Ocean

28. Technologies from Afroeurasia led to 15th century European ships
Indian Ocean caravel hull
Arab lateen sail
Chinese compass
Ship image – Library of Congress
Lateen sail -- R91.HTM
gallery.sjsu.edu/cartography/ maps/maps-Thumb html Charta Rogriana world map., Islamic Anonymous.1154 Islamic, Middle East ECharta Rogriana world map., Islamic Anonymous.1154 Islamic, Middle East Exploration 40 © Kathleen Cohen 1998 xploration 40 © Kathleen Cohen 1998
Chinese stern-rudder
Muslim portolan charts and maps

29. Columbus 1492
Vasco Da Gama
1498
Magellan
1519
Explorers
Ming, Portugese, Sulaiman Tajir, Spanish, Italian, English, French
Navigation technologies that made voyages possible
Advances in this period
Coloni zation of the Americas, Atlantic Islands, Africa
After 1415, European mariners made voyages across the seas toward east and west. By 1519, Magellan had circumnavigated the globe. Others set out in search of wealth, adventure and fame.

30. But wait! You still haven’t said much about the Americas!
If you had to put all of these changes into one sentence, what would it be?
You might say, by 1500 CE, the world was connected, right?
But wait! You still haven’t said much about the Americas!

31. When Columbus sailed the ocean blue…
Well…the Americas and Afroeurasia were not yet permanently linked together.
…not until 1492…
When Columbus sailed the ocean blue…

32. It had to happen sooner or later!
So, by 1492, European mariners set out on trans-oceanic voyages to the Americas.
Those voyages linked the Americas with Afroeurasia for the first time since the migrations of people over 13,000 years earlier!
It had to happen sooner or later!

33. Cultural exchange in Afroeurasia before 1500 CE resulted in the technologies that made transoceanic voyages possible.
Mapmaking
Stern-rudder
Lateen Sail
Compass
Is that why people from Afroeurasia discovered the Americas, and not the opposite?

34. The Columbian Exchange
Americas: turkey, pumpkin, corn or maize, chocolate, tomato, tobacco, potato, chilli pepper, peanut, pineapple, beans
Afroeurasia: citrus, cotton (varieties) coffee, sugar, tea, wheat, yam, banana, rice, millet, sorghum,
In Panorama lesson, students will identify these food items, either by researching or by matching to a list, and then they will find out the regional origins of these food items, their nutritional importance in the diet of the indigenous people (protein, starch, or ceremonial/recreational uses), and then they will research the impact of these foods or substances in the regions (or among the groups of people) where they were introduced after the Columbian Exchange. These impacts are not to be confined to Europe, as, for example, potatoes reached China by 1540, coffee was just being introduced in Europe from Turkey during Era 6, and peanuts and legumes had a significant impact on population growth in Africa. Tobacco, coffee, and chocolate reached across the Afroeurasian trade routes during Era 6, circulating mainly among urban elites. The impact of tea in American political history is well known, but its social function in England continued to be refined during this period, in conjunction with increased availability of porcelain, and may be compared with its role in east Asian society, and with tea and coffee use in Southwest Asia and North Africa.
Students may also choose one of their favorite dinners or recipes and locate the origins of food items that make it up. Tacos may be made entirely with indigenous American foods, but pizza requires items from both hemispheres, for example.
Plants, animals and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans.

35. Population & Environment
Columbian Exchange
New crops like potatoes and beans spread and improved nutrition worldwide.
Luxury products like coffee, chocolate, tea, tobacco and spices meant new cultural habits for those with money to spend.
The Merchants of coffee are three hundred men and shops. They are great and rich merchants, protected by Shaikh Shadhili, who was girded by Weis-ul-karani with the Prophet's leave.
Evliya Efendi
history.html has a history of coffee with chronology timeline
see coffehouse image for Panorama lessons with this on

36. Population & Environment
Environmental changes resulted from introducing new species
Population & Environment
Global cash crops were grown on large plantations with slave labor
Caribbean sugar plantation, 1600s
Plains woman hunting buffalo, 1800s
Castro/8260/wowar.gif -- George Catlin
Livestock introduced to the Americas changed indigenous groups’ ways of life

37. Population & Environment
Islam and Christianity spread with empires, trade, and migration
– djenne mosque
John winthrop & martin luther both from
Catholic missionaries followed the spread of the Spanish empire
Jesuits worked in Asia
Protestants colonized North America
Traders and Sufi orders spread Islam in Africa and Asia
The Ottoman Empire pressed into eastern Europe.

38. Printed books were an information system
Ideas & Inventions
Printed books were an information system
– museum
Drawing of a building
Galvano’s frog battery,
Chemistry set engraving --

39. Maps reflected discovery and colonization…
Ideas & Inventions
Maps reflected discovery and colonization…
…and continued exchange of knowledge among people in the world
Cantino map
Jesuits Teaching (and probably also learning) Astronomy at the Chinese Court. Detail., Guy Louis Vernansal.18th c Baroque , France. Exploration 10 © Kathleen Cohen

40. Mapmakers finally got my portrait right!
Ideas & Inventions
Mapmakers finally got my portrait right!
What a handsome guy!
1507
1484
1520
1780
-- mercator map

41. Maritime technologies continued to improve after 1500
Mapping world wind patterns and oceanic currents
Ships were fully rigged with sails for speed and handling
Ships grew larger & stronger (500 T. in 1450 to 2000 T. by 1590)
The sextant greatly improved navigation at sea
Cannons and ammunition improved
– wind rose
 Pedro de Medina, The Arte of Navigation... London woodcut and text ; "The second chapter, how the wind moveth not right down from above down ward, but his moving is in circle of water and earth.“
expomanila/p4.htm – navegar & lotsa ships & navigation improvements

42. GOODS, IDEAS AND PEOPLE ARE NOW MOVING AROUND THE WORLD CONTINUING CROSS CULTURALIZATION AND…..
CULTURAL DIFFUSION

43. Trade encircled the globe
Trade & Manufacturing
Trade encircled the globe
All images were snipped out of larger images or produced on Adobe photoshop. A few are from commercial catalogs and the codfish is snipped from a historical image at a public library e.g.
cuisine.asp
Panorama lesson for this slide: Student s will identify the trade goods from this period going around the globe (for younger students, it can be modified to a matching activity. (items are, from just after 12:00 noon: fox pelt; pocket watch; porcelain teacup with tea; bolt of Indian chintz fabric; coffee beans and cup; spices [chili pepper, black pepper, cardamom, nutmeg?; barrel of salt or rum; sugar; cacao beans; tobacco; silver bar with Chinese stamps; gold doubloon; codfish). Students will research (a) how the trade item was acquired or manufactured; where it was produced; how it was processed if relevant; the areas that exported it, and its significance in world trade and social life; an additional aspect to research is the issue of its significance to other industries or labor issues (e.g. codfishing meant shipbuilding, sugar meant slave labor on plantations, tobacco was a significant crop for establishing English settlements, China was a significant buyer of New World silver on which its currency was based for internal trade, furs meant relations with woodland native American groups, etc.

44. Cultural Diffusion and the Columbian Exchange
Patterns of Trade
From medieval C.E.
Presented by Emily Powell, Margo Schiavone & Jo Anne Wilson with the gracious & patient help of Susan Douglas and the greatly modified work from Panorama Units, at Eras 5 and 6 of the online World History Currriculum World History For Us All at San Diego State University